Accent

§§149–170ACCENT: GENERAL PRINCIPLESThere are three accents in Greek. No Greek accent can stand farther back than the antepenult. 1. Acute (/): over short or long vowels and diphthongs. It may stand on ultima, penult…

§§171–174ACCENT AS AFFECTED BY CONTRACTION, CRASIS, AND ELISIONContraction.—If either of the syllables to be contracted had an accent, the contracted syllable has an accent. Thus: a. A contracted antepenult has the acute: φιλεόμενος = φιλούμεν…

§175ANASTROPHEAnastrophe (ἀναστροφή turning-back) occurs in the case of oxytone prepositions of two syllables, which throw the accent back on the first syllable. a. When the preposition follows …

§§176–178CHANGE OF ACCENT IN DECLENSION, INFLECTION, AND COMPOSITIONWhen a short ultima of the nominative is lengthened in an oblique case a. a proparoxytone becomes paroxytone: θάλαττα θαλάττης, ἄνθρωπος ἀνθρώπου. b. a properispomenon becomes paro…

§773 bIRREGULAR MI-VERBSεἶμι (ἰ-, εἰ-; cp. Lat. ῑ-ρε) go has only the present system. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Indicative Sing. 1 εἶμι ἴω ἴοιμι or ἰοίην ᾖα or ᾔειν 2 εἶ…

§791 bIRREGULAR MI-VERBSκεῖμαι (κει-) lie, am laid, regularly used in the present and imperfect instead of the perfect and pluperfect passive of τίθημι place. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indic. Subj. Opt. Imper. In…

§869 bCOMPOUND WORDSA compound word is formed by the union of two or more parts; as λογο-γράφο-ς speech-writer, δι-έξ-οδο-ς outlet (lit. way out through). a. Compounds of three or more parts usually f…

§893ACCENT OF COMPOUNDSCompounds generally have recessive accent, as φιλό-τῑμος loving-<*> (τῑμή). But there are many exceptions, e.g.— a. P<*>tives in -ᾱ́, -ή, -ής, -εύς, -μός, and -έος usually keep the…

§894ACCENT OF COMPOUNDSCompounds in -ος (not -τος or -κος) formed by the union of a noun or adverb and the stem of a transitive verb are: a. <*> when they have a long penult and an active meaning: στρατ-…

§180PROCLITICSA proclitic sometimes takes an accent, thus: a. οὐ at the end of a sentence: φῄς, ἢ οὔ; do you say so or not? πῶς γὰρ οὔ; for why not? Also οὔ no standing alone. b. ἐξ, ἐν, and εἰς…

§§181–187ENCLITICSEnclitics (from ἐγκλῑ́νω lean on, upon) are words attaching themselves closely to the preceding word, after which they are pronounced rapidly. Enclitics usually lose their accent. …

§§205–209GENERAL RULES FOR THE ACCENT OF NOUNSSubstantives and adjectives accent, in the oblique cases, the same syllable as is accented in the nominative, provided the ultima permits (163); otherwise the following syllable re…

§163 aACCENT: GENERAL PRINCIPLESThe antepenult, if accented, can have the acute only (ἄνθρωπος, βασίλεια queen, οἰκοφύλακος of a house-guard). If the ultima is long, either by nature or by position (144), the ant…

§213FIRST DECLENSION (STEMS IN ᾱ)Accent.—For special rule of accent in the genitive plural, see 208. The genitive plural is always perispomenon since -ῶν is contracted from -έ-ων derived from original (and Hom.) -…

§223FIRST DECLENSION (STEMS IN ᾱ)Accent.—The vocative of δεσπότης lord is δέσποτα.

§236CONTRACTED SUBSTANTIVESAccent.—a. The nominative dual is irregularly oxytone: νώ, ὀστώ, not νῶ, ὀστῶ according to 171, N. 2. b. κανοῦν (κάνεον) basket receives its accent (not κάνουν) from that of the ge…

§239ATTIC DECLENSIONAccent.—a. The accent of the nominative is kept in all cases. Μενέ0εως (163 a) retains the accent of the earlier Μενέλᾱος. b. The genitive and dative are oxytone when the final syl…

§252ACCENT, STEM FORMATION, QUANTITY, GENDERAccent.—Stems of one syllable accent the case ending in the genitive and dative of all numbers; and -ων and -οιν take the circumflex accent. Thus, φλέψ vein, φλεβ-ός, φλεβ-ῶν; θήρ …

§264 a, eSTEMS IN SIGMA (ες, ας, οσ)ὁ Σωκράτης Socrates ὁ Δημοσθένης Demosthenes (Σωκρατεσ-) (Δημοσθενεσ-) Nom. Σωκράτης Δημοσθένης Gen. (Σωκράτε-οσ) Σωκράτους (Δημοσθένε-οσ) Δημοσθένους Dat. (Σωκράτε-ι) Σωκράτει (Δη…

§271STEMS IN ι AND υAccent.—Final -ως of the genitive singular does not prevent the acute from standing on the antepenult (163 a). Thus πόλε-ως, πήχε-ως, ἄστε-ως. πόλε-ως retains the accent of the ear…

§287 aADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONSἀγαθός good, ἄξιος worthy, μακρός long are thus declined: SINGULAR Nom. ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν ἄξιος ἀξίᾱ ἄξιον μακρός μακρά μακρόν Gen. ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθῆς ἀγαθοῦ ἀξίου ἀξίᾱς ἀξίου μακροῦ …

§289 bADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONSἄδικος unjust (ἀ- without, δίκη justice), φρόνιμος prudent, and ῑ̔́λεως propitious are declined thus: SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. Nom. ἄ…

§290 cADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONSContracted Adjectives.—Most adjectives in -εος and -οος are contracted. Examples: χρῡ́σεος golden, ἀργύρεος of silver, ἁπλόος simple (feminine ἁπλέᾱ). SINGULAR N. V. (χρῡ́σεοσ) χρῡ…

§292 cADJECTIVES OF THE CONSONANT DECLENSIONἀληθής (ἀληθεσ-) true, εὔ-ελπις (εὐελπιδ-) hopeful are thus declined: SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. Nom. ἀληθής ἀληθές εὔελπις εὔελπι Gen. (ἀληθέ-οσ) ἀληθοῦς ε…

§293 cADJECTIVES OF THE CONSONANT DECLENSIONStems in ον: εὐδαίμων happy, βελτῑ́ων better: SINGULAR Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut. Nom. εὐδαίμων εὔδαιμον βελτῑ́ων βέλτῑον Gen. εὐδαίμον-ος βελτῑ́ον-ος Dat. εὐδαίμον-…

§295CONSONANT AND VOWEL DECLENSION COMBINEDThe feminine is made from the stem of the masculine (and neuter) by adding the suffix -ι̯α (yα), which is combined with the preceding syllable in different ways. The genitive plura…

§299 bCONSONANT AND VOWEL DECLENSION COMBINEDStems in ντ occur in a few adjectives and in many participles (301). χαρίεις graceful and πᾶς all are declined thus: SINGULAR Nom. χαρίεις χαρίεσσα χαρίεν πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν Gen. χαρίεντ…

§304DECLENSION OF PARTICIPLESThe accent of monosyllabic participles is an exception to 252: ὤν, ὄντος (not ὀντός), στᾱ́ς, στάντος.

§305 aDECLENSION OF PARTICIPLESParticiples in -ων, -ουσα, -ον (ω-verbs): λῡ́ων loosing (stem λῡοντ-), ὤν being (stem ὀντ-). SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. N. V. λῡ́ων λῡ́ουσα λῦον ὤν οὖσα ὄν Gen. λῡ́…

§309 aDECLENSION OF PARTICIPLESPerfect active participles in -ως, -υια, -ος: λελυκώς having loosed, εἰδώς knowing. SINGULAR N. V. λελυκώς λελυκυῖα λελυκός εἰδώς εἰδυῖα εἰδός Gen. λελυκότ-ος λελυκυίᾱς λελυκότ-ος …

§425 b, 425 b N.ACCENTInfinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives are verbal nouns (358), and hence do not regularly show recessive accent. a. Infinitives.—The following infinitives accent the penul…

§773 bIRREGULAR MI-VERBSεἶμι (ἰ-, εἰ-; cp. Lat. ῑ-ρε) go has only the present system. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Indicative Sing. 1 εἶμι ἴω ἴοιμι or ἰοίην ᾖα or ᾔειν 2 εἶ…

§325 a, fPRONOUNSThe Personal Pronouns.—The pronouns of the first, second, and third person are declined as follows: SINGULAR Nom. ἐγώ I σύ thou — he, she, it (325 d) Gen. ἐμοῦ; μου enclitic σοῦ; σ…

§334PRONOUNSInterrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.—The interrogative pronoun τίς, τί who, which, what? never changes its accent to the grave (154). The indefinite pronoun τὶς, τὶ any one, some…

§§423–427ACCENTSimple or compound verbs usually throw the accent as far back as the quantity of the last syllable permits (recessive accent, 159). λῡ́ω, λῡ́ομεν, ἐλῡόμην; παιδεύω, παιδεύουσι, ἐπα…

§746 cINFLECTION OF MI-VERBSμι-verbs may pass into the ω inflection elsewhere than in the subjunctive. a. Verbs in -νῡμι often inflect the present and imperfect active (not the middle) from a present in -νύω;…

§750 bPRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Present Optative.—The optative active has the secondary endings and the mood sign -ιη- in the singular, -ῑ- (-ιε- 3 pl.) in the dual and plural. In the dual and plural the longer (…

§768 bIRREGULAR MI-VERBSεἰμί (ἐσ-, cp. Lat. es-se) am has only the present and future systems. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Indicative Sing. 1 εἰμί ὦ εἴην ἦ or ἦν 2 εἶ ᾖς ε…

§773 bIRREGULAR MI-VERBSεἶμι (ἰ-, εἰ-; cp. Lat. ῑ-ρε) go has only the present system. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Indicative Sing. 1 εἶμι ἴω ἴοιμι or ἰοίην ᾖα or ᾔειν 2 εἶ…

§791 bIRREGULAR MI-VERBSκεῖμαι (κει-) lie, am laid, regularly used in the present and imperfect instead of the perfect and pluperfect passive of τίθημι place. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indic. Subj. Opt. Imper. In…

§852. 1DIMINUTIVESDiminutives are denominatives formed from the stems of substantives by various secondary suffixes. 1. ιο (nom. -ιο-ν, neut.): παιδ-ίο-ν little child (παῖς, παιδ-ός), ὀρνῑ́θ-ιο-ν sm…

§859. 1 bLIST OF NOUN SUFFIXESVOWEL SUFFIXES 1. ο: nom. -ο-ς masc., fem., -ο-ν neut. A common suffix in primitives denoting persons (usually male agents) or things (often abstracts). ἀρχ-ό-ς leader from ἄρχ-ω l…

§859. 2 bLIST OF NOUN SUFFIXESVOWEL SUFFIXES 1. ο: nom. -ο-ς masc., fem., -ο-ν neut. A common suffix in primitives denoting persons (usually male agents) or things (often abstracts). ἀρχ-ό-ς leader from ἄρχ-ω l…

§§893–894ACCENT OF COMPOUNDSCompounds generally have recessive accent, as φιλό-τῑμος loving-<*> (τῑμή). But there are many exceptions, e.g.— a. P<*>tives in -ᾱ́, -ή, -ής, -εύς, -μός, and -έος usually keep the…