Accusative case

§251ACCUSATIVE PLURALa. The ending -ας is produced by adding νς to the stem (ν becoming α between two consonants by 35 b). Thus φύλακ-ας is from φυλακ-ṇς. This -ας may be added even to ι and υ stems: H…

§260STEMS IN A LIQUID (λ, ρ) OR A NASAL (ν)—ConcludedAccusative Sing.—Ἀπόλλω and Ποσειδῶ are found as well as Ἀπόλλωνα, Ποσειδῶνα. The shorter forms are regular in inscriptions, and occur especially in expressions of swearing after ν…

§264 bSTEMS IN SIGMA (ες, ας, οσ)ὁ Σωκράτης Socrates ὁ Δημοσθένης Demosthenes (Σωκρατεσ-) (Δημοσθενεσ-) Nom. Σωκράτης Δημοσθένης Gen. (Σωκράτε-οσ) Σωκράτους (Δημοσθένε-οσ) Δημοσθένους Dat. (Σωκράτε-ι) Σωκράτει (Δη…

§§1551–1562ACCUSATIVEThe accusative is a form of defining or qualifying the verb. a. The accusative derives its name from a mistranslation (casus accusativus) of the Greek (ἡ αἰτιᾱτικὴ πτῶσις, properly…

§985APPOSITIONConstruction of the Whole and Part in Poetry.—In Homer and later poets a verb may take two objects, one denoting the person, the other the part especially affected by the action: τ…

§1601 a N.ACCUSATIVE OF RESPECTThe accusative of respect is employed a. Of the parts of the body: ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὸν δάκτυλον ἀλγεῖ the man has a pain in his finger P. R. 462d, τυφλὸς τά τ᾽ ὦτα τόν τε νοῦν τά τ᾽ ὄμμ…

§§1357–1359THE PARTITIVE GENITIVESo with μνημονεύειν remember (but usually with the accus., especially of things), ἀμνημονεῖν not to speak of, κήδεσθαι care for, ἐντρέπεσθαι give heed to, ἐνθῡμεῖσθαι think deeply …

§§1361–1368THE PARTITIVE GENITIVEThe genitive is used with verbs signifying to hear and perceive: ἀκούειν, κλύειν (poet.) hear, ἀκροᾶσθαι listen to, αἰσθάνεσθαι perceive, πυνθάνεσθαι hear, learn of, συνῑέναι under…

§1371THE PARTITIVE GENITIVESeveral verbs of ruling take the accusative when they mean to conquer, overcome (so κρατεῖν), or when they express the domain over which the rule extends; as τὴν Πελοπόννησον πειρᾶ…

§1393GENITIVE OF SEPARATIONSeveral verbs of separation, such as ἐλευθεροῦν (especially with a personal subject), may take ἀπό or ἐξ when the local idea is prominent. Many take also the accusative.

§1398GENITIVE OF SEPARATIONδέομαι I want, request may take the genitive, or the accusative (regularly of neuter pronouns and adjectives), of the thing wanted; and the genitive of the person: ἐρωτώμενος ὅτου …

§1400GENITIVE OF SEPARATIONδεῖ μοί τινος means I have need of something. In place of the dative (1467) an accusative of the person is rarely allowed in poetry on the analogy of δεῖ with the infinitive (1985)…

§1447GENITIVE OF TIME AND PLACEThe genitive may or may not denote a definite part of the time during which anything takes place; the dative fixes the time explicitly either by specifying a definite point in a gi…

§§1580–1587ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENTThe accusative denotes extent in space and time.

§1462DATIVE AS DIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBSSome verbs of benefiting and injuring take the accusative (ὠφελεῖν, βλάπτειν, 1591 a); μῑσεῖν τινα hate some one. λῡσιτελεῖν, συμφέρειν be of advantage take the dative.

§1465DATIVE AS DIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBSκελεύειν command (strictly impel) may be followed in Attic by the accusative and (usually) the infinitive; in Hom. by the dative either alone or with the infinitive. Many verbs of …

§1554ACCUSATIVEThe direct object is of two kinds: a. The internal object (object effected): ὁ ἀνὴρ τύπτει πολλᾱ̀ς πληγᾱ́ς the man strikes many blows. N. 1.—Here the object is already contained (o…

§1555ACCUSATIVEMany verbs may take an accusative either of the external or of the internal object: τέμνειν ῡ̔́λην fell timber, τέμνειν τᾱ̀ς τρίχας cut off the hair, τέμνειν ὁδόν open a road, but …

§1554 a N. 1ACCUSATIVEThe direct object is of two kinds: a. The internal object (object effected): ὁ ἀνὴρ τύπτει πολλᾱ̀ς πληγᾱ́ς the man strikes many blows. N. 1.—Here the object is already contained (o…

§1554 a N. 1ACCUSATIVEThe direct object is of two kinds: a. The internal object (object effected): ὁ ἀνὴρ τύπτει πολλᾱ̀ς πληγᾱ́ς the man strikes many blows. N. 1.—Here the object is already contained (o…

§1578ACCUSATIVE OF RESULTThe accusative of result denotes the effect enduring after the verbal action has ceased. ἕλκος οὐτάσαι to smite (and thus make) a wound E 361 (so οὐλὴν ἐλαύνειν ψ 74), πρεσβεύειν τ…

§1579ACCUSATIVE OF RESULTVerbs signifying to effect anything (αἴρειν raise, αὔξειν exalt, διδάσκειν teach, τρέφειν rear, παιδεύειν train) show the result of their action upon a substantive or adjective pre…

§§1563–1576COGNATE ACCUSATIVEThe cognate accusative is of two kinds, of which the second is an extension of the first.

§991 b N.APPOSITIONApposition to a Sentence.—A noun in the nominative or accusative may stand in apposition to the action expressed by a whole sentence or by some part of it. a. The appositive is nom…

§1377GENITIVE OF CRIME AND ACCOUNTABILITYVerbs of judicial action may take a cognate accusative (δίκην, γραφήν), on which the genitive of the crime depends: γραφὴν ὕβρεως καὶ δίκην κακηγορίᾱς φεύξεται he will be brought t…

§1378GENITIVE OF CRIME AND ACCOUNTABILITYἁλίσκεσθαι (ἁλῶναι) be convicted, ὀφλισκάνειν lose a suit, φεύγειν be prosecuted are equivalent to passives: ἐᾱ́ν τις ἁλῷ κλοπῆς . . . κᾱ̓̀ν ἀστρατείᾱς τις ὄφλῃ if any one be conde…

§1620INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL OBJECT WITH ONE VERBThe external object refers to a person, the internal object (cognate accusative, 1563 ff.) refers to a thing. Here the internal object stands in closer relation to the verb. ὁ πόλε…

§1629DOUBLE OBJECT WITH VERBS SIGNIFYING TO ASK, DEMAND, ETC.Both person and thing are equally governed by the verb. The accusative of the person is the external object; the accusative of the thing is sometimes a cognate accusative (internal…

§1744PASSIVE VOICEThe cognate accusative may become the subject of the passive: πόλεμος ἐπολεμήθη war was waged P. Menex. 243e (πόλεμον πολεμεῖν, 1564).

§1749PASSIVE VOICEA passive may be formed in the case of verbs ordinarily intransitive but allowing a cognate accusative in the active: ἱκανὰ τοῖς πολεμίοις ηὐτύχηται the enemy has had enough good f…

§§1580–1587ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENTThe accusative denotes extent in space and time.

§1633DOUBLE OBJECT WITH VERBS SIGNIFYING TO ASK, DEMAND, ETC.The accusative of extent (1580) is freely used in the same sentence with other accusatives, as ὑπερενεγκόντες τὸν Λευκαδίων ἰσθμὸν τᾱ̀ς ναῦς having hauled the ships across the isth…

§1588TERMINAL ACCUSATIVE (IN POETRY)In poetry after verbs of motion the accusative may be used without a preposition to express the goal. ἄστυ Καδμεῖον μολών having come to the city of Cadmus S. O. T. 35, πέμψομέν νι…

§1589TERMINAL ACCUSATIVE (IN POETRY)The limit of motion is also expressed by -δε (ἄστυδε Hom., in prose, Ἀθήναζε = Ἀθήνᾱς + δε; χαμᾶζε or χαμάζε = χαμᾱς + δε, cp. χαμα-ί; οἴκαδε) and, regularly in prose, by εἰς, ἐπί,…

§1558ACCUSATIVEMany verbs that are usually intransitive are also used transitively in Greek. Thus, ἀσεβεῖν sin against, δυσχεραίνειν be disgusted at, χαίρειν rejoice at, ἥδεσθαι be pleased at, δα…

§1559ACCUSATIVEMany intransitive verbs are used transitively when compounded with a preposition, e.g. ἀναμάχεσθαι fight over again.—ἀπομάχεσθαι drive off, ἀποστρέφεσθαι abandon, ἀποχωρεῖν leave.—…

§1561ACCUSATIVEThe same verb may be used transitively or intransitively, often with little difference of signification. Cp. 1709. This is generally indicated in the treatment of the cases, e.g. α…

§§1590–1597EXTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT AFFECTED)Of the many transitive verbs taking this accusative the following deserve mention:

§1596 bEXTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT AFFECTED)(III) Verbs of swearing. ὀμνύναι swear by (τοὺς θεούς, pass. Ζεὺς ὀμώμοται) and swear to (τὸν ὅρκον, pass. ὁ ὅρκος ὀμώμοται). So ἐπιορκεῖν swear falsely by. a. ὀμνύναι τοὺς θεούς m…

§2894μάμά asseverative (cp. μήν, μέν asseverative) with the accusative of the divinity or thing by which one swears. In negative sentences we have οὐ μά or μά alone with the accusative; i…

§1598EXTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT AFFECTED)The accusative is rarely found after verbal nouns and adjectives, and in periphrastic expressions equivalent to a transitive verb. (This usage is post-Homeric and chiefly poetical.…

§1599EXTERNAL OBJECT (OBJECT AFFECTED)Elliptical Accusative.—The accusative is sometimes used elliptically. οὗτος, ὦ σέ τοι (scil. καλῶ) ho! you there, I am calling you! Ar. Av. 274, μή, πρός σε θεῶν τλῇς με προδοῦναι …

§1516 aINSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERThe dative of manner may denote the particular point of view from which a statement is made. This occurs chiefly with intransitive adjectives but also with intransitive verbs (Dati…

§§1600–1605ACCUSATIVE OF RESPECTTo verbs denoting a state, and to adjectives, an accusative may be added to denote a thing in respect to which the verb or adjective is limited. a. The accusative usually expresses…

§2034 eTHE INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE (ARTICULAR INFINITIVE)ACCUSATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE a. Object (cp. 1989): δείσᾱς τὸ ζῆν fearing to live P. A. 28d, μεῖζον μέν φαμεν κακὸν τὸ ἀδικεῖν, ἔλᾱττον δὲ τὸ ἀδικεῖσθαι we call doing wron…

§993APPOSITIONFrom the construction in 991 b arose many adverbial accusatives (1606 ff.) such as χάριν on account of, πρόφασιν in pretence, δωρεᾱ́ν gratis; as ὅς τις δὲ Τρώων ἐπὶ νηυσὶ φέροιτο .…

§§1606–1611ADVERBIAL ACCUSATIVEMany accusatives marking limitations of the verbal action serve the same function as adverbs.

§§1612–1633TWO ACCUSATIVES WITH ONE VERBA compound expression, consisting of the accusative of an abstract substantive and ποιεῖσθαι, τίθεσθαι, ἔχειν, etc., is often treated as a simple verb; and, when transitive, govern…

§1634TWO VERBS WITH A COMMON OBJECTThe case of an object common to two verbs is generally that demanded by the nearer: οὐ δεῖ τοῖς παιδοτρίβαις ἐγκαλεῖν οὐδ᾽ ἐκβάλλειν ἐκ τῶν πόλεων we must not accuse the trainer or…

§1635TWO VERBS WITH A COMMON OBJECTThe construction is usually ruled by the participle, not by the finite verb, when they have a common object but different constructions, and especially when the object stands neare…

§1658PREPOSITIONSIn general, when depending on prepositions expressing relations of place, the accusative denotes the place (or person) toward which or the place over which, along which motion take…

§1659 bPREPOSITIONSConstructio Praegnans.—a. A verb of motion is often used with a preposition with the dative to anticipate the rest that follows the action of the verb: ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ἔπεσον they fel…

§1972SUBJECT AND PREDICATE NOUN WITH THE INFINITIVEIn general the subject of the infinitive, if expressed at all, stands in the accusative; when the subject of the infinitive is the same as the subject or object of the governing ve…

§1974SUBJECT AND PREDICATE NOUN WITH THE INFINITIVEA pronoun subject of the infinitive, if (wholly or partially) identical with the subject of the main verb, is generally expressed when emphatic, and stands in the accusative (cases…

§1975SUBJECT AND PREDICATE NOUN WITH THE INFINITIVEWhen the subject of the infinitive is different from that of the governing verb, it stands in the accusative; and a predicate noun stands also in the accusative. νομίζω γὰρ ῡ̔μᾶς ἐ…

§1981SUBJECT AND PREDICATE NOUN WITH THE INFINITIVEThe construction of the accusative with the infinitive seems to have originated from the employment of the infinitive to complement the meaning of transitive verbs; as in κελεύω σε…

§2034THE INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE (ARTICULAR INFINITIVE)ACCUSATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE a. Object (cp. 1989): δείσᾱς τὸ ζῆν fearing to live P. A. 28d, μεῖζον μέν φαμεν κακὸν τὸ ἀδικεῖν, ἔλᾱττον δὲ τὸ ἀδικεῖσθαι we call doing wron…

§2059THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEB. Accusative Absolute.—When the participle has no definite subject (i.e. with impersonal verbs), the accusative absolute is used instead of the genitive absolute. Cp. 2076. συνδόξ…

§§2076–2078GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTEAccusative Absolute.—A participle stands in the accusative absolute, instead of the genitive, when it is impersonal, or has an infinitive as its subject (as under C). When imperson…

§2152 aVERBAL ADJECTIVES IN -τέοςThe Impersonal (Active) Construction.—The impersonal verbal stands in the neuter nominative, usually singular (-τέον), rarely plural (-τέᾰ). Its object stands in the case (genitive…