Action

NAMES OF ACTIONS AND ABSTRACT SUBSTANTIVES

a. Substantives denoting actions often express abstract idea and names of actions and verbal abstracts are often used co<*> cretely. The following suffixes (except μο, nominative -μό-ς, an ες, nominative -ος) form feminines; all are primary except ιᾱ i<*> some words.

1. τι (nom. -τι-ς): πίσ-τι-ς faith (πείθ-ω persuade, πιθ-), φά-τι-ς rumour (φη<*> say, φα-).

2. σι (nom. -σι-ς): λέξις style (λέγ-ω speak), ποίη-σι-ς poetry (ποιέ-ω make) φθί-σι-ς decay (φθί-ν-ω decay), δό-σι-ς act of giving or gift (δί-δω-μι giv<*> δο-, δω-), θέ-σι-ς placing (τί-θη-μι place, θε-, θη-), τά-σι-ς tension (fo<*> τṇ-σι-ς 35 b, from τείνω stretch, τεν-). σι is derived from τι after vowel (115).

3. σιᾱ (nom. -σίᾱ): in substantives from verbs in -αζω out of -αδ-ῖω; a<*> δοκιμασίᾱ examination (δοκιμάζω examine, δοκ μαδ-).

4. τυ (nom. -τῡ́-ς 863 a. 17): rare, poetic and dialectic, ἐδ-η-τῡ́ς eating (poet<*> ἔδ-ω eat), βοη-τῡ́-ς shouting (βοά-ω shout).

5. μο (nom. -μό-ς, masc.): διωγ-μό-ς pursuit (διώκ-ω pursue), πταρ-μό-ς sneez<*> ing (πτάρ-νυ-μαι sneeze). On θ-μο see 832, σ-μο 836, τ-μο 837. Cp 861. 1.

6. μᾱ (nom. -μη): γνώ-μη knowledge (γι-γνώ-σκω know), φή-μη report, omen (φη-μί say), τῑ-μή honour (poet. τῑ́-ω honour), μνή-μη memory (μι-μνῄ-σκω remind). See also 861. 1.

7. μᾱ (nom. -μᾰ): τόλ-μα daring (τλῆ-ναι dare).

8. ες (nom. -ος, neut.): δέ-ος fear, ῥῖγ-ος cold.

9. ιᾱ (nom. -ίᾱ): primitive, from verb-stems, as μαν-ίᾱ madness (μαίνομαι rage, μαν-). Denominative: ἡγεμον-ίᾱ sovereignty (ἡγεμών leader), εὐεργεσία kind service (εὐεργετ-ια from εὐεργέτης doer of good deeds). Without any noun-stem: πολιορκίᾱ siege (πολιορκέω besiege). Verbs in -ευω derived from substantives, as παιδεύ-ω educate (παῖς child), show abstracts in -είᾱ for ε(ῦ)-ιᾱ (43): παιδείᾱ education, στρατείᾱ campaign (στρατεύομαι take the field), βασιλείᾱ reign, kingdom (βασιλεύ-ω am king).

10. ο, α: see 859. 1, 2.

b. Many feminine substantives expressing the abstract notion of the adjective are derived from adjective stems (a few from substantive or verb stems). Many of these denominatives express quality, cp. Eng. -ness, -hood.

1. ιᾱ (nom. -ιᾰ): from adjectives in -ης and -οος, -ους, as ἀλήθεια truth for ἀληθεσ-ια from ἀληθής true; ἔνδεια want for ἐνδε(ε)σ-ια from ἐνδεής needy, 44 a, 292 d; εὔνοια kindness for εὐνο(ο)-ια from εὐνοο-ς εὔνους kind.

2. ιᾱ (nom. -ίᾱ): εὐδαιμον-ίᾱ happiness (εὐδαίμων happy), συμμαχίᾱ alliance (σύμμαχος fighting along with), σοφ-ίᾱ wisdom (σοφό-ς wise). Since τ becomes ς before ιᾱ we have ἀθανασίᾱ immortality (ἀθάνατο-ς immortal). Cp. 859. 6.

3. συνᾱ (nom. -σύνη): δικαιο-σύνη justice (δίκαιο-ς just). Abstracts in -συνη are properly fem. of adj. in -συνος, as γηθο-σύνη joy (γηθό-συνος joyful). -οσύνη by analogy in μαντ-οσύνη art of divination (μάντι-ς seer). See 865. 7.

4. τητ (nom. -της): φιλό-της, -τητος friendship (φίλο-ς friend), ἰσό-της, -τητος equality (ἴσο-ς equal), νεό-της youth (νέο-ς young), παχύ-της thickness (παχύ-ς thick).

5. αδ (nom. -άς): abstract substantives of number, as τρι-άς, -άδος triad (τρεῖς). μον-άς, -άδος unit (μόνο-ς alone, single). See also 863 b. 8.

c. Some neuter abstracts express quality: τάχ-ος speed (ταχ-ύ-ς swift), εὖρ-ος width (εὐρ-ύ-ς broad). See 840 a. 8.

d. A feminine adjective is used substantively in poet. πινυτή wisdom from πινυτό-ς wise; with recessive accent in ἔχθρᾱ enmity from ἐχθρό-ς hostile, θέρμη warmth from θερμό-ς warm.

e. Some compound adjectives in -ής yield (by analogy) abstracts in -ιᾱ not in -ειᾰ; as ἀτυχίᾱ misfortune from ἀ-τυχ-ής unfortunate. Fluctuation often occurs, as in κακοήθεια κακοηθίᾱ malignity from κακο-ήθης ill-disposed; Old Attic ἀληθείᾱ ( = Ion. ἀληθείη) for ἀλήθεια.

VOWEL SUFFIXES

1. ο: nom. -ο-ς masc., fem., -ο-ν neut. A common suffix in primitives denoting persons (usually male agents) or things (often abstracts).

ἀρχ-ό-ς leader from ἄρχ-ω lead; ζυγ-ό-ν yoke from ζεύγ-νῡ-μι yoke (ζυγ-, ζευγ-); λόγ-ο-ς speech from λέγ-ω speak; νόμ-ο-ς custom, law from νέμ-ω distribute; στόλ-ο-ς expedition from στέλλω (στελ-) send; τροφ-ό-ς (ὁ, ἡ) nurse from τρέφ-ω nourish; φόρ-ο-ς tribute from φέρ-ω bear, bring.

a. The roots of some words appear only in other languages: οἶκ-ο-ς house, Lat. vīc-u-s.

b. The suffix has the accent when the agent is denoted. ε of the root varies with ο (831 b).

2. ᾱ: nom. -ᾱ or -η fem. A common suffix in primitives, usually to denote things, often abstracts (action).

ἀρχ-ή beginning from ἄρχ-ω begin; λοιβ-ή pouring from λείβ-ω pour; μάχ-η fight from μάχ-ομαι fight; σπουδ-ή haste from σπεύδ-ω hasten; στέγ-η roof from στέγ-ω shelter; τροφ-ή nourishment from τρέφ-ω nourish; τύχ-η chance from τυγχάνω happen (τυχ-); φορ-ᾱ́ crop from φέρ-ω bear; φυγ-ή flight from φεύγω flee (φυγ-, φευγ-).

a. The roots of some words appear only in other languages: γυν-ή woman (Eng. queen).

b. Most substantives accent the suffix; but many accent the penult.

3. ᾱ: nom. -ᾱς, -ης, in a few masculines, usually compounds: παιδο-τρίβ-η-ς trainer of boys in gymnastics (τρῑ́βω rub).

4. ῐ, ῑ: primary, in ὄφ-ι-ς snake, poet. τρόχ-ι-ς runner (τρέχ-ω run), πόλ-ι-ς city (originally πόλ-ῑ-ς), ἤν-ῑ-ς yearling. Many words with the ι-suffix have taken on δ or τ; as ἐλπ-ί-ς hope ἐλπί-δ-ος (ἔλπ-ομαι hope), χάρ-ι-ς grace χάρι-τ-ος (χαίρω rejoice, χαρ-).

5. ιο: in a few primitive verbal adjectives (ἅγ-ιο-ς 858. 2), but common in denominate adjectives (858. 2), rare in substantives: νυμφ-ίο-ς bridegroom (νύμφη bride); in names of things more concrete than those ending in -ιᾱ: μαρτύρ-ιο-ν a testimony (cp. μαρτύρ-ιᾱ testimony); in gentiles (844. 3); in diminutives (852. 1), often in combination with other diminutive suffixes (αριο, ιδιο, υλλιο, etc. 852); often in combination with a final stem vowel (851. 1, 858. 2).

6. ιᾰ, ιᾱ: rarely primary, in φύζα flight (φεύγ-ω flee); in verbal abstracts: μανίᾱ madness (840 a. 9); usually secondary in the fem. of adj. in -ύς: βαρεῖα = βαρεῦ-ια, πίττα pitch (= πικ-ῖα, cp. Lat. pic-us), γλῶττα tongue = γλωχ-ια (cp. γλωχ-ῑ́-ς point, γλῶχ-ες beards of corn), θῆττα serf (843 b. 4); in the nom. fem. of participles in ντ, οτ (λῡ́ουσα from λῡοντ-ῖα, λελυκυ-ῖα); in denominative abstracts expressing quality (840 b. 1, 2); in names of persons: ταμ-ίᾱ-ς steward (τέμ-ν-ω cut, ἔ-ταμ-ον), Νῑκ-ίᾱ-ς Nicias (νῑ́κη victory).—Often in combination with other suffixes: αινα 843 b. 5; -ε-ια 840 a. 9; ισσα 843 b. 4; τρια, τειρᾱ 839 b. 2, 3.

7. Ϝο, Ϝᾱ: primary, in ὅρος for ὅρ(ϝ)ος boundary, κεν(ϝ)ός empty, λᾱι(ϝ)ός left (Lat. laevus), καλ(ϝ)ός beautiful; (probably) secondary in verbals in -τέος (λυτέος that must be loosed) and in adj. in -αλέος (860. 1).

8. υ (ευ): primary, in adjectives (858. 15), in substantives: γέν-υ-ς chin, πῆχ-υ-ς fore-arm.—9. ῡ: primary, in feminines: ἰσχ-ῡ́-ς strength, ὀφρ-ῦ-ς eye-brow, νέκ-ῡ-ς (Hom.) corpse, cf. Lat. nec-are.—10. ευ (ηυ): primary of the agent (839 a. 5); rarely of things: κοπ-εύ-ς chisel (κόπ-τ-ω cut); secondary, of the person concerned (843 a. 1), in gentiles (844. 1), rarely of things: δονακ-εύ-ς reed-thicket (δόναξ reed); in diminutives in -ιδεύς (853).—11. οι (nom. -ώ): primary in πειθ-ώ πειθοῦς persuasion (279).—12. ωϜ (nom. -ως): primary in ἥρ-ως ἥρω-ος hero (267).

SUFFIXES WITH NASALS (μ, ν)

1. μο, μᾱ (nom. μο-ς; -μᾰ and -μη): primary, in substantives denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 5-7), and in some concretes: χῡ-μό-ς juice (χέω pour, χυ-), γραμ-μή line (γράφ-ω write, draw); in adjectives (858. 8, 9). On -τ-μο -τ-μα, -θ-μο -θ-μα, -σ-μο -σ-μα see 837, 832, 836; secondary, rarely in substantives: δρῡ-μό-ς coppice (δρῦ-ς tree, oak), or adjectives: ἔτυ-μο-ς true (ἐτεϝός real).—ι-μο: secondary, derived from ι stems (858. 9).—2. ματ (nom. -μα): primary, denoting result (841. 2). Here to μα from ṃ (cp. ὄνομα name, Lat. nomen; τέρμα goal, Lat. termen) τ has been added; cp. cognomentum.—3. μεν (nom. -μην): primary, in ποι-μήν shepherd, λι-μήν harbour.—4. μενο: primary, in participles: λῡό-μενο-ς.—5. μι (rare): primary, in φῆ-μι-ς speech (poet. for φή-μη).—6. μιν (nom. -μῑς): prim., ῥηγ-μῑ́-ς surf (ῥήγ-νῡ-μι break).—7. μνο, μνᾱ: prim., in στά-μνο-ς jar (ἵ-στη-μι set, stand, στα-), βέλε-μνο-ν dart (βάλλω throw), ποί-μνη flock, λί-μνη lake.—8. μον (nom. -μων): primary, in ἡγε-μών leader (ἡγέ-ομαι lead); adjectives 858. 10.—9. μονᾱ: primary, in πλη-σ-μονή fulness (πίμ-πλη-μι fill).—10. μων (nom. -μων): primary, in χει-μών winter, λει-μών meadow.

11. νο, νᾱ: primary, in ὕπ-νο-ς sleep, καπ-ϝό-ς smoke, ποι-νή punishment, φερ-νή dower (φέρ-ω bring), τέκ-νο-ν child (τίκτω bear, τεκ-), in adjectives (858. 11); secondary, in adjectives (858. 11), in σελή-νη moon (= σελασ-νη, σέλας gleam).—ανο, ανᾱ: primary, in στέφ-ανο-ς crown, στεφ-άνη diadem (στέφ-ω encircle), δρέπ-ανο-ν, δρεπ-άνη sickle (δρέπ-ω pluck), ὄργ-ανο-ν instrument (ἔργον work), θηγ-άνη whetstone (θήγ-ω whet); in adjectives: στεγ-ανό-ς (cp. στεγ-νός) water-tight (στέγ-ω shelter); secondary, in βο-τ-άνη fodder (βο-τό-ς, βό-σκω graze), ἕδρ-ανο-ν seat (ἕδ-ρᾱ seat). ᾱνο (ηνο), ᾱνᾱ (ηνᾱ): secondary, in gentiles (844. 3). ενο, ενᾱ: primary, in παρθ-ένο-ς maiden, ὠλ-ένη elbow. ηνο, ηνᾱ: primary, in τι-θή-νη nurse (θῆσθαι give suck). ινο, ινᾱ: secondary, in adjectives of material and time (858. 12), and in ῥαδ-ινό-ς slender, μελ-ίνη millet. ινεο, ινεᾱ: secondary, in adjectives of material (858. 12). ῑνο, ῑνα: primary, in χαλ-ῑνό-ς bridle, σέλ-ῑνο-ν parsley; secondary, in gentiles (844. 3); in patronymics (845. 6); in ἐρυθρ-ῖνο-ς red mullet (ἐρυθρό-ς red); βολβ-ῑ́νη a kind of βολβ-ός (a bulb-root). ονο, ονᾱ: primary, in κλ-όνο-ς battle-rout (κέλ-ομαι urge on); in abstracts, as ἡδ-ονή pleasure (ἥδ-ομαι am pleased). υνο, υνᾱ: primary, in κορ-ύνη club, πίσ-υνο-ς relying on (πείθ-ω persuade). ῡνο, ῡνᾱ: primary, in κίνδ-ῡνο-ς danger, αἰσχ-ῡ́νη disgrace. ωνο, ωνᾱ: primary, in κολ-ωνό-ς hill, κορ-ώ<*>η crow.—12. νυ (rare): primary, in λιγ-νύ-ς smoky fire.

13. αινα: secondary, of the person concerned (843 b. 5).—14. αν: primary, in μέλᾱς μέλαν-ος black.—15. εν (nom. -ην): primary, in τέρ-ην tender, ἄρρ-ην male.—16. ην: primary, in πευθ-ήν inquirer (πεύθ-ομαι, πυνθάνομαι inquire).—17. ῑν (nom. -ῑς): primary, in δελφῑ́ς dolphin, ὠδῑ́ς travail.— 18. ον (nom. -ων): primary, in words of agency: τέκτ-ων carpenter, τρῡγ-ών turtle-dove (τρύζω murmur, τρυγ-), κλύδ-ων wave (κλύζω dash, κλυδ-); and in others, as εἰκ-ών image (ἔοικα am like, εἰκ-), χι-ών snow.—19. ιον: secondary, in μαλακ-ίων darling, diminutive of μαλακό-ς soft.—ῑον: primary, in comparatives; ἡδ-ῑ́ων sweeter (ἡδ-ύ-ς); secondary, in patronymics (845.5). —Ϝον: primary, in πῑ́ων fat.—20. ων: secondary, in words denoting persons possessing some physical or mental quality, as γάστρ-ων glutton (γαστήρ belly); to denote place (851. 3); in names of months: Ἀνθεστηριών.—21. Ϝων: primary, in αἰ(ϝ)ών age, gen. αἰῶν-ος.—22. ιων: secondary, in patronymics (845. 5).—23. ιωνᾱ: secondary, in patronymics (845. 6).

SUFFIXES WITH SIGMA

1. σι ( = τι): primary, denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 2); rarely of persons: πό-σι-ς husband.—2. σιᾱ: primary, denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 3).—3. σιο: primary, in μετ-άρ-σιο-ς raised from the ground (μετ-αίρω lift up, ἀρ-).—4. σιμο: in adj. (858. 9).—5. στηνο: in δύ(σ)στηνο-ς unhappy.—6. στο: secondary, in τριᾱκοστό-ς thirtieth from τριᾱκοντ + το-ς.—7. συνο, συνᾱ: secondary, in adjectives: δουλό-συνος enslaved (δοῦλο-ς), θάρσυνος bold = θαρσο-συνος (θάρσ-ος courage, 129 c), and in the feminine, to make abstract substantives (840 b. 3).

8. ας: primary, in γέρ-ας prize; varying with ατ, as in τέρ-ας τέρατ-ος portent (258), or with ες (264 D. 3).—9. ες: primary, denoting quality (840 a. 8) or result (841. 1) in adjectives (858. 5.)—10. ις: primary, in κόνις dust, found in κονῑ́ω ( = κονισ-ῖω, 500. 2, D).—11. ισσᾱ: secondary, in words denoting the person concerned (843 b. 4).—12. ος: primary, in αἰδώς shame (αἰδοῦς from αἰδο (σ)-ος, 266).—13. ῑος: primary, in comparatives (293 d, 318).

The formation of primitive verbs (372) is treated in 496-529, 607-624, 722-743.

The infinitive is used as the object of verbs of saying and thinking. Such infinitives denote both time and stage of action (cp. 1866).

a. The finite verb of a sentence placed in dependence on a verb of saying or thinking that requires the infinitive, becomes infinitive, which infinitive stands in the relation of a substantive as subject or object of the leading verb. Commonly as object: thus, Κῦρος νῑκᾷ Cyrus is victorious, when made the object of φησί he says, becomes a part of a new sentence φησὶ Κῦρον νῑκᾶν, in which Κῦρον νικᾶν is the object of φησί. As subject, when the verb of saying is passive: thus, in λέγεται Κῦρον νῑκᾶν, the last two words form the subject of λέγεται.

The supplementary participle not in indirect discourse is often like an object infinitive, the tenses denoting only stage of action and not difference of time (cp. 1850). Thus, compare παύομέν σε λέγοντα we stop you from speaking (of continued action) with κωλῡ́ομέν σε λέγειν we prevent you from speaking (also of continued action).

Each tense in a subordinate clause denotes stage of action; the time is only relative to that of the leading verb. A subordinate clause may be marked by change of person in verb and pronoun.