Address

The vocative is used in exclamations and in direct address: ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί oh Zeus and ye gods P. Pr. 310d, ἄνθρωπε my good fellow X. C. 2.2.7. The vocative forms an incomplete sentence (904 d).

a. The vocative is never followed immediately by δέ or γάρ.

The nominative may be used in exclamations as a predicate with the subject unexpressed: ὦ πικρὸς θεοῖς oh loathed of heaven S. Ph. 254, φίλος ὦ Μενέλᾱε ah dear Menelaus Δ 189; and connected with the vocative by and: ὦ πόλις καὶ δῆμε oh city and people Ar. Eq. 273. In exclamations about a person: ὢ γενναῖος oh the noble man P. Phae. 227c.

a. οὗτος is regular in address: οὗτος, τί πάσχεις, ὦ Ξανθίᾱ; ho there, I say, Xanthias, what is the matter with you? Ar. Vesp. 1; ὦ οὗτος, Αἴᾱς ho there, I say, Ajax S. Aj. 89.