Anaphoric

Special uses of the particular article. The particular article defines

a. Objects well known: ὁ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφώτατος Σόλων Solon the wisest of the Seven (Sages) P. Tim. 20d.

b Objects already mentioned or in the mind of the speaker or writer (the anaphoric article): εἶπον ὅτι τάλαντον ἀργυρίου ἕτοιμος εἴην δοῦναι . . . ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ τάλαντον κ.τ.λ. I said that I was ready to give him a talent of silver . . . and he taking the talent, etc. L. 12.9-10.

c. Objects specially present to the senses or mind (the deictic article): λαβε τὸ βιβλίον take the book P. Th. 143c, βουλόμενος τὴν μάχην ποιῆσαι wishing to fight the battle T. 4.91. Hence the article is regularly used with demonstrative pronouns (1176).

N.—The foregoing (a - c) uses recall the old demonstrative force of the article. Words that ordinarily have no article may receive the article when this older force is present.

d. Objects particularized by an attributive or by a following description: ὁ δῆμος ὁ Ἀθηναίων the people of the Athenians Aes. 3.116, λέγε τὴν ἐπιστολήν, ἣν ἔπεμψεν read the letter that he sent D. 18.39. Cp. 1178 d.

e. Objects marked as usual or proper under the circumstances: τὸ μέρος τῶν ψήφων ὁ διώκων οὐκ ἔλαβεν the prosecutor did not get the (requisite) part of the votes D. 18.103.

f. Objects representative of their class (the distributive article, which resembles the generic use; often translated by a, each): ὑπισχνεῖται δώσειν τρία ἡμιδᾱρεικὰ τοῦ μηνὸς τῷ στρατιώτῃ he promises to give each soldier three half-darics a month X. A. 1.3.21. But the article may be omitted: καὶ εἵλοντο δέκα, ἕνα ἀπὸ φῡλῆς and they chose ten, one from (each) tribe X. H. 2.4.23.

When the name of a person or place is defined by an appositive (916) or attributive, the following distinctions are to be noted:

a. Persons: Περδίκκᾱς Ἀλεξάνδρου Perdiccas, son of Alexander T. 2.99: the official designation merely stating the parentage. Δημοσθένης ὁ Ἀλκισθένους (the popular designation) distinguishes Demosthenes, the son of Alcisthenes (T. 3.91) from other persons named Demosthenes. (Similarly with names of nations.)

b. Deities: the article is used with the name and with the epithet or (less often) with neither: τῷ Διὶ τῷ Ὀλυμπίῳ to Olympian Zeus T. 5.31, Διὶ ἐλευθερίῳ to Zeus guardian of freedom 2. 71.

c. Geographical Names are usually treated as attributives, as ὁ Εὐφρᾱ́της ποταμός the river Euphrates X. A. 1.4.11, ἡ Βόλβη λίμνη lake Bolbe T. 4.103. In a very few cases (six times in Thuc.) ὁ is omitted with the name of a river when ποταμός is inserted; but Hdt. often omits ὁ. With the names of mountains the order is τὸ Πήλιον ὄρος Mt. Pelion Hdt. 7.129 when the gender agrees, but otherwise ἐς τὸ ὄρος τὴν Ἰστώνην to Mt. Istone T. 3.85 (rarely as ὑπὸ τῇ Αἴτνῃ τῷ ὄρει at the foot of Mt. Aetna T. 3.116). With names of islands, towns, etc., the order varies: τὸ Παρθένιον πόλισμα the town of Parthenium X. A. 7.8.21; ἡ Ψυττάλεια νῆσος the island of Psyttalea Hdt. 8.95; Τραγίᾱ ἡ νῆσος the island of Tragia T. 1.116; τοῦ Πειραιῶς τοῦ λιμένος of the harbour of Peiraeus T. 2.93; τὸ φρούριον τὸ Λάβδαλον fort Labdalon 7. 3. The city of Mende would be Μένδη πόλις, ἡ Μένδη ἡ πόλις, Μένδη ἡ πόλις.

οὗτος, ὅδε, ἐκεῖνος sometimes omit the article.

a. Regularly, when the noun is in the predicate: αὕτη ἔστω ἱκανὴ ἀπολογίᾱ let this be a sufficient defence P. A. 24b, οἶμαι ἐμὴν ταύτην πατρίδα εἶναι I think this is my native country X. A. 4.8.4.

b. Usually, with proper names, except when anaphoric (1120 b): ἐκεῖνος Θουκῡδίδης that (well-known) Thucydides Ar. Ach. 708.

c. Usually, with definite numbers: ταύτᾱς τριᾱ́κοντα μνᾶς these thirty minae D. 27.23.

d. Optionally, when a relative clause follows: ἐπὶ γῆν τήνδε ἤλθομεν, ἐν ᾗ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν Μήδων ἐκράτησαν we have come against this land, in which our fathers conquered the Medes T. 2.74.

e. In the phrase (often contemptuous) οὗτος ἀνήρ P. G. 505c; and in other expressions denoting some emotion: ἄνθρωπος οὑτοσῑ́ D. 18.243.

f. Sometimes, when the demonstrative follows its noun: ἐπίγραμμα τόδε T. 6.59. So often in Hdt.

g. Frequently, in poetry.

αὐτοῦ, etc., usually take up a preceding noun (the anaphoric use): καλέσᾱς δὲ Δάμνιππον λέγω πρὸς αὐτὸν τάδε summoning Damnippus, I speak to him as follows L. 12.14. But an oblique case of αὐτός is often suppressed where English employs the pronoun of the third person: ἐμπιπλᾱ̀ς ἁπάντων τὴν γνώμην<*> ἀπέπεμπε having satisfied the minds of all he dismissed them X. A. 1.7.8.

οὗτος (less often ἐκεῖνος) may take up and emphasize a preceding subject or object. In this use the pronoun generally comes first, but may be placed after an emphatic word: ποιήσαντες στήλην ἐψηφίσαντο εἰς ταύτην ἀναγράφειν τοὺς ἀλιτηρίους having made a slab they voted to inscribe on it the (names of the) offenders Lyc. 117, ἃ ἂν εἴπῃς, ἔμμενε τούτοις whatever you say, hold to it P. R. 345b. The anaphoric αὐτός in its oblique cases is weaker (1214).