Topic · from the English index · as printed

Case endings

GENERAL RULES FOR THE ACCENT OF NOUNS

CASE ENDINGS OF NOUNS

VOWEL DECLENSION CONSONANT DECLENSION
SINGULAR
Masc. and Fem. Neuter Masc. and Fem. Neuter
Nom. -ς or none -ν -ς or none none
Gen. -ς or -ιο -ος
Dat. -ι -ι
Acc. -ν -ν or -ᾰ none
Voc. none -ν none or like Nom. none
DUAL
N. A. V. none -ε
G. D. -ιν -οιν
PLURAL
N. V. -ι -ᾰ -ες -ᾰ
Gen. -ων -ων
Dat. -ις (-ισι) -σι, -σσι, -εσσι
Acc. -νς (-ᾱσ) -ᾰ -νς, -ᾰς -ᾰ

a. The stem may undergo a change upon its union with the case ending, as in the genitive plural of the first declension (213). Cp. 258, 264, 268, etc.

b. In the vowel declension, -ι of the nominative plural is borrowed from the inflection of pronouns (ἐκεῖνο-ι).

FIRST DECLENSION (STEMS IN ᾱ)

Table of the union of the case endings (when there are any) with the final vowel of the stem.

FEM. SING. MASC. SING. MASC. FEM. PL. MASC. FEM. DUAL
Nom. ᾱ or ᾰ η ᾱ-ς η-ς α-ι N. A. V. ᾱ
Gen. ᾱ-ς or η-ς η-ς ᾱ-ιο (Hom. ᾱ-ο) ῶν (for έ-ων, ᾱ́-ων) G. D. α-ιν
Dat. ᾱ-ι or η-ι η-ι ᾱ-ι η-ι α-ις or α-ισι(ν)
Acc. ᾱ-ν or ᾰ-ν η-ν ᾱ-ν η-ν ᾱς (for α-νσ)
Voc. ᾱ or ᾰ η ᾱ ᾰ or η α-ι

Observe the shortening of the stem in vocative singular and plural, in nominative and dative plural, and genitive and dative dual.

SECOND DECLENSION (STEMS IN ο)

TABLE OF THE UNION OF THE CASE ENDINGS WITH THE STEM VOWEL

SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL
Masc. and Fem. Neuter Masc., Fem., and Neuter Masc. and Fem. Neuter
Nom. ο-ς ο-ν N. A. V. ω Nom. ο-ι ᾰ
Gen. ου (for ο-(ι)ο) G. D. ο-ιν Gen. ων
Dat. ῳ (for ο-ι) Dat. ο-ις or ο-ισι(ν)
Acc. ο-ν Acc. ους (for ο-νσ) ᾰ
Voc. ε ο-ν Voc. ο-ι ᾰ

a. Final -οι is treated as short (169).

b. The dat. sing. in -ῳ represents the union of the stem vowel -ο and ai, the original case ending in the I. E. languages. Forms in -οι, as οἴκοι at home, may be locatives (-ο + ι, the locative ending).—The stem vowel ο varies with ε, which appears in the vocative sing., and in πανδημεί (locative) in full force.— N. A. V. dual -ω is for I. E. ōu.—The genitive pl. -ων is due to the union of -ο + ων, which contracted to -ων in the earliest period of the language.—The neuter plural is probably the relic of a feminine collective ending in -ᾱ, which was shortened to -ᾰ.