Cause

§1373 aGENITIVE OF PRICE AND VALUETo value highly and lightly is περὶ πολλοῦ (πλείονος, πλείστου) and περὶ ὀλίγου (ἐλᾱ́ττονος, ἐλαχίστου) τῑμᾶσθαι or ποιεῖσθαι: τὰ πλείστου ἄξια περὶ ἐλαχίστου ποιεῖται, τὰ δὲ φαυλό…

§§1405–1409GENITIVE OF CAUSEWith verbs of emotion the genitive denotes the cause. Such verbs are to wonder at, admire, envy, praise, blame. hate, pity, grieve for, be angry at, take vengeance on, and the like…

§2684EXCLAMATORY SENTENCESDirect exclamations without a verb may be expressed by the vocative or nominative (1288) or by the genitive of cause (1407).

§1435GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVESCause (1405).—εὐδαίμων τοῦ τρόπου happy because of his disposition P. Ph. 58e, δείλαιος τῆς συμφορᾶς wretched because of thy lot S. O. T. 1347, βάλανοι θαυμάσιαι τοῦ μεγέθους dates…

§§1517–1520INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERCause.—The dative, especially with verbs of emotion, expresses the occasion (external cause) or the motive (internal cause). Occasion: τῇ τύχῃ ἐλπίσᾱς confident by reason of his go…

§1757PASSIVE VOICEThe dative, or a prepositional phrase, is regularly used with the passive to denote the instrument, means, or cause (1506). The agent may be viewed as the instrument: in prose, whe…

§1681. 1, 2ἀμφίἀμφί (cp. ἄμφω, ἀμφότερος, Lat. ambi-, amb-, am-) originally on both sides (either externally only, or inside and outside), hence about. Cp. the use of περί (1693) throughout. Chie…

§1684. 1 c (3)ἀπόἀπό (Lesb. etc. ἀπύ) from, off, away from; originally of separation and departure. Cp. Lat. ab, Eng. off, of. 1. ἀπό with the Genitive only a. Local: καταπηδήσᾱς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου leap…

§1685. 2 b, fδιάδιά (Lesb. ζά) through, originally through and out of, and apart (separation by cleavage), a force seen in comp. (cp. Lat. dis-, Germ. zwi-schen). 1. διά with the Genitive a. Local…

§1687. 1 cἐνἐν in (poetic ἐνί, εἰν, εἰνί), Lat. in with the abl., en-; opposed to εἰς into, ἐξ out of. On ἐν with the genitive by ellipsis, see 1302. 1. ἐν with the Dative (Locative) only a. L…

§1688. 1 cἐξ, ἐκἐξ, ἐκ out, out of, from, from within, opposed to ἐν, εἰς; cp. Lat. ex, e. As contrasted with ἀπό away from, ἐξ denotes from within. 1. ἐξ, ἐκ with the (Ablatival) Genitive only In…

§1691. 1μετάμετά: original meaning amid, among (cp. Germ. mit, Eng. mid in midwife). Hence properly only with plurals or collectives (so in Hom. with gen. and dat.). μετά denotes participation…

§1692. 3 cπαράπαρά (Hom. παραί, Lat. por- in porrigere) alongside, by, near. Except with the accusative παρά is commonly used of persons and personified things. 1. παρά with the (Ablatival) Geni…

§1693. 2 bπερίπερί around (on all sides), about; cp. πέριξ round about. Lat. per in permagnus. περί is wider than ἀμφί: cp. X. Vect. 1.7 οὐ πεοίρρυτος οὖσα ὥσπερ νῆσος . . . ἀμφιθάλαττος γάρ ἐστ…

§1698. 1 b, 2 bὑπόὑπό (Hom. also ὑπαί, Lesbian ὐπα-), under, by, Lat. sub. 1. ὑπό with the Genitive a. Local (rare in Attic prose): out from under (poet., cp. ὑπέκ): ῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους a spring …

§2033THE INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE (ARTICULAR INFINITIVE)DATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE a. With verbs, adjectives, and adverbs: thus, ἵνα . . . ἀπιστῶσι τῷ ἐμὲ τετῑμῆσθαι ὑπὸ δαιμόνων that they may distrust my having been honoured by…

§2034 bTHE INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE (ARTICULAR INFINITIVE)ACCUSATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE a. Object (cp. 1989): δείσᾱς τὸ ζῆν fearing to live P. A. 28d, μεῖζον μέν φαμεν κακὸν τὸ ἀδικεῖν, ἔλᾱττον δὲ τὸ ἀδικεῖσθαι we call doing wron…

§2245CAUSAL CLAUSESCause may also be expressed by a relative clause (2555), by a participle (2064, 2085, 2086), by τῷ or διὰ τὸ with the infinitive (2033, 2034 b).

§2060THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEThe circumstantial participle expresses simply circumstance or manner in general. It may imply various other relations, such as time, manner, means, cause, purpose, concession, con…

§2064THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLECause.—Παρύσατις . . . ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κῡ́ρῳ, φιλοῦσα αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν βασιλεύοντα Ἀρταξέρξην Parysatis favoured Cyrus because she loved him more than she did Artaxerxes the king X. A.…

§2070GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTEGenitive Absolute.—A circumstantial participle agreeing with a genitive noun or pronoun which is not in the main construction of the sentence, stands in the genitive absolute. Like…

§§2084–2086ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS OF THE PRINCIPAL VERBWith participles of cause (2064): οὕτως, διὰ τοῦτο (ταῦτα), ἐκ τούτου. Thus, ἀνελόμενοι τὰ ναυᾱ́για . . . καὶ ὅτι αὐτοῖς . . . οὐκ ἀντεπέπλεον, διὰ ταῦτα τροπαῖον ἔστησαν because t…

§2100THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith verbs of emotion (rejoicing and grieving) the participle often denotes cause (cp. 2048). χαίρω, ἥδομαι, τέρπομαι, γέγηθα (poet.) am pleased, take pleasure, ἀγαπῶ, στέργω am co…