Change

Euphonic Changes.—For the euphonic changes in these forms see 82-87, 103.

a. Labial Stems.—λέλειμ-μαι is for λελειπ-μαι, λέλειφ-θον is for λελειπ-σθον, λέλειφθε is for λελειπ-σθε (103). In the same manner are inflected other labial stems, as τρῑ́βω (τρῑβ-) rub, ῥῑ́πτω (ῥῑπ-) throw: τέτρῑμ-μαι for τετρῑβ-μαι, τέτρῑψαι for τετρῑβ-σαι, etc. Stems ending in μπ drop π before μ, but retain it before other consonants. Thus,

b. Dental Stems.—πέπεισ-ται is for πεπειθ-ται (83), πέπεισ-θον is for πεπειθθον (83), πέπεισθε is for πεπειθ-(σ)θε (83, 103). The ς thus produced was trans ferred to the first persons πέπεισμαι, πεπείσμεθα (86, 87). Like πέπεισμαι, etc., are formed and inflected ἔψευσμαι from ψεύδω (ψευδ-) deceive, πέφρασμαι from φράζω (φραδ-) declare, ἔσπεισμαι (100) from σπένδω (σπενδ-) pour a libation.

Changes of the root-vowel.—a. The root-vowel is sometimes strong, sometimes weak: ει, οι (weak ι); ευ, ου (weak υ); η or ω (weak α or ε). λεῖμ-μα remnant, λοιπ-ό-ς remaining, cp. λείπ-ω, ἔ-λιπ-ον; ζεῦγ-ος team, cp. ζεύγ-νῡ-μι, ζυγ-όν yoke; σπουδ-ή zeal, σπεύδ-ω hasten; λήθ-η forgetfulness, λανθάνω (λαθ-) forget; ἦθ-ος disposition, ἔθ-ος custom, habit; ῥωχ-μός cleft, ῥήγ-νῡ-μι break (ῥαγ-, ῥηγ-, ῥωγ-). Cp. 36.

b. ε often varies with ο, sometimes with α; η sometimes varies with ω. γόν-ο-ς offspring, γί-γν-ομαι (γεν-); τόν-ο-ς tone, τείνω (τεν-) stretch; τραφ-ερός well-fed, τροφ-ή nourishment, τρέφ-ω nourish; ἀρωγ-ό-ς helping, ἀρήγ-ω help. Cp. 36.

Changes in stems.—Various changes occur when a suffix is added to a stem.

a. The final vowel of a stem is contracted with the initial vowel of a suffix: ὀφῑ́διον small snake (ὄφι- + ιδιον from ὄφι-ς). So when a consonant is dropped at the end of a stem: αἰδο-ῖο-ς venerable (αἰδώς reverence, stem αἰδοσ-), βασιλε-ίᾱ kingdom (βασιλεύ-ς king, stem βασιλεϝ- for βασιλεῦ-. 43), ἀστε-ῖο-ς refined (ἄστυ city, stem ἀστεϝ- for ἀστεῦ-, 43). Cp. 858. 2.

b. A long final vowel of a stem may be shortened before the initial vowel of a suffix: δίκᾰ-ιο-ς just, δίκη right, stem δικᾱ-. (Properly δίκαι is an old case form, 833 c, to which -ο-ς is added.)

c. A final vowel or diphthong may be dropped before the initial vowel of a suffix: σοφ-ίᾱ wisdom (σοφό-ς wise), τῑ́μ-ιο-ς honoured, costly (τῑμή honour, stem τῑμᾱ-), βασιλ-ικό-ς royal (βασιλεύ-ς king), πολῑτ-ικό-ς civic (πολῑ́της citizen, stem πολῑτᾱ-).

d. The final letter or letters of a consonant stem may be dropped: σωφρο-σύνη temperance, moderation (σώφρων temperate, stem σωφρον-), μελ-ύδριον little song (μέλ-ος song, μελεσ-), ἀληθ-ινό-ς genuine (ἀληθής -ές true). So apparently in the case of a vowel stem in δεσπό-συνος belonging to the master (δεσπότης).

e. The final consonant of a stem undergoes regular euphonic change before the initial consonant of a suffix: βλέμ-μα glance (βλέπ-ω look), δικασ-τής a judge (δικαδ-της, from δικάζω judge, stem δικαδ-), πίσ-τι-ς faith ( = πιθ-τι-ς, from πείθ-ω persuade, stem πιθ-), λέξις style ( = λεγ-σι-ς, from λέγ-ω speak).

f. Stems in ο have an alternative in ε (cp. ἵππο-ς, voc. ἵππε; 229 b). This ε often appears in denominatives: οἰκέ-ω dwell, οἰκέ-της house-servant, οἰκε-ῖο-ς domestic (οἶκο-ς house).

g. Derivatives of ᾱ stems may apparently show ω in place of ᾱ; as στρατιώ-της soldier (στρατιᾱ́ army), Ῑ̓ταλιώ-της an Italiote, Greek inhabitant of Italy (Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ Italy). See 843 a, N. Stems in ᾱ have η in τῑμή-εις honoured (τῑμή, stem τῑμᾱ-).

h. Vowel stems, especially those derived from verbs, often lengthen a final short vowel before a suffix beginning with a consonant: ποίη-μα poem, ποίη-σι-ς poetry, ποιη-τή-ς poet, ποιη-τι-κό-ς creative, poetical (ποιέ-ω make); δεσμώ-τη-ς prisoner (δεσμό-ς, δεσμά fetters). Verbs with stems in α, ε, ο usually show in derivatives the stem vowel as found in the tenses other than the present; as δηλό-ω manifest, fut. δηλώ-σω, δήλω-σι-ς manifestation; ἀρόω plough, fut. ἀρό-σω, ἄρο-σι-ς arable land, ἀρο-τήρ ploughman; εὑρ-ίσκ-ω find out, fut. εὑρ-ή-σω, εὕρ-η-μα discovery, but εὕρ-ε-σις discovery, εὑρ-ε-τής discoverer.

i. Vowel stems sometimes insert a vowel before a suffix beginning with a consonant: πολι-ή-τη-ς, Ionic for πολῑ́-τη-ς citizen, πτολί-ε-θρο-ν (poetic) city.

j. Consonant stems, and vowel stems not ending in ο, often show ο before a suffix in denominatives; a stem in -ον is thus replaced by one in -ο: σωφροσύνη temperance (σώφρων temperate, σωφρον-); αἱματ-ό-εις bloody (αἷμα, -ατος blood) and σκι-ό-εις shadowy (σκιᾱ́ shadow) by analogy to δολό-εις wily, 858. 3. Cp. 873-875.