Topic · from the English index · as printed

Dative case

origin of name

§1450 aDATIVEThe Greek dative does duty for three cases: the dative proper, and two lost cases, the instrumental and the locative. a. The dative derives its name (ἡ δοτικὴ πτῶσις, casus dativus…

with τῑμωρέω, λαγχάνω

§1376GENITIVE OF CRIME AND ACCOUNTABILITYSo with ἀμῡ́νεσθαι and κολάζειν punish, εἰσάγειν and προσκαλεῖσθαι summon into court, αἱρεῖν convict, τῑμωρεῖσθαι take vengeance on. With τῑμωρεῖν avenge and λαγχάνειν obtain leave…

with adverbs

§1440GENITIVE WITH ADVERBSMost of the genitives in 1439 are partitive. Some of the adverbs falling under 1437 take also the dative (ἄγχι, ἐγγύς, πλησίον in the poets, ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς).

as necessary and voluntary complement

§§1450–1456DATIVEThe Greek dative does duty for three cases: the dative proper, and two lost cases, the instrumental and the locative. a. The dative derives its name (ἡ δοτικὴ πτῶσις, casus dativus…

general statement of uses

§§1457–1459DATIVE PROPERThe dative proper denotes that to or for which something is or is done.

as direct complement of verb

§§1460–1468DATIVE AS DIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBSThe dative may be used as the sole complement of many verbs that are usually transitive in English. Such are

§§1471–1473DATIVE AS DIRECT OR INDIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBSMany verbs may take the dative either alone or with the accusative. οὐδενὶ μέμφομαι I find fault with no one D. 21.190, τί ἄν μοι μέμφοιο; what fault would you have to find with me…

active, made nominative in passive

§1468DATIVE AS DIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBSAn intransitive verb taking the dative can form a personal passive, the dative becoming the nominative subject of the passive. Cp. 1745.

§1556 aACCUSATIVEThe direct object of an active transitive verb becomes the subject of the passive: ὁ παῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀνδρὸς τύπτεται the boy is struck by the man. a. The object of a verb governing th…

§1745PASSIVE VOICEActive or middle verbs governing the genitive or dative may form (unlike the Latin use) a personal passive, the genitive or dative (especially if either denotes a person) becoming …

§1748PASSIVE VOICEAn active verb followed by an accusative of the direct object (a thing) and an oblique case of a person, retains, when transferred to the passive, the accusative of the direct obje…

as indirect complement of verb

§§1469–1473DATIVE AS INDIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBSMany verbs take the dative as the indirect object together with an accusative as the direct object. The indirect object is commonly introduced in English by to. Κῦρος δίδωσιν αὐτῷ …

of interest

§§1474–1494DATIVE OF INTERESTThe person for whom something is or is done, or in reference to whose case an action is viewed, is put in the dative. a. Many of the verbs in 1461 ff. take a dative of interest. 14…

of possessor

§§1476–1480DATIVE OF INTERESTDative of the Possessor.—The person for whom a thing exists is put in the dative with εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, ὑπάρχειν, φῦναι (poet.), etc., when he is regarded as interested in its poss…

of advantage or disadvantage

§§1481–1485DATIVE OF INTERESTDative of Advantage or Disadvantage (dativus commodi et incommodi).—The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage, anything is or is done, is put in the dative. The dativ…

of feeling (ethical dative)

§1486DATIVE OF INTERESTDative of Feeling (Ethical Dative).—The personal pro nouns of the first and second person are often used to denote the interest of the speaker, or to secure the interest of the per…

ἐμοὶ βουλομένῳ ἐστί, etc.

§1487DATIVE OF INTERESTἐμοὶ βουλομένῳ ἐστί, etc.—Instead of a sentence with a finite verb, a participle usually denoting inclination or aversion is added to the dative of the person interested, which dep…

of agent

§§1488–1494DATIVE OF INTERESTDative of the Agent.—With passive verbs (usually in the perfect and pluperfect) and regularly with verbal adjectives in -τός and -τέος, the person in whose interest an action is do…

§1758PASSIVE VOICEThe dative of the agent used with the perfect passive and verbal adjective is a dative of interest (1488); on ὑπό with the genitive used instead of the dative, see 1493, 1494.

§2149. 2VERBAL ADJECTIVES IN -τέοςVerbal adjectives in -τέος express necessity. They admit two constructions: 1. The personal construction (-τέος, -τέᾱ, -τέον), passive in meaning, and emphasizing the subject. 2. T…

§2151VERBAL ADJECTIVES IN -τέοςThe Personal (Passive) Construction.—The personal verbal in -τέος is used only when the verb from which it is derived takes the accusative. The verbal agrees with the subject in ge…

§2152VERBAL ADJECTIVES IN -τέοςThe Impersonal (Active) Construction.—The impersonal verbal stands in the neuter nominative, usually singular (-τέον), rarely plural (-τέᾰ). Its object stands in the case (genitive…

of relation

§§1495–1498DATIVE OF RELATIONThe dative may be used of a person to whose case the statement of the predicate is limited. φευγειν αὐτοῖς ἀσφαλέστερόν ἐστιν ἢ ἡμῖν it is safer for them to flee than for us X. A. …

of reference

§1496DATIVE OF RELATIONDative of Reference.—The dative of a noun or pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good. γάμους τοὺς πρώτους ἐγάμει Πέρσῃσι ὁ Δᾱρεῖος Darius contracte…

of the observer

§1497DATIVE OF RELATIONThe dative participle, without a noun or pronoun, is frequently used in the singular or plural to denote indefinitely the person judging or observing. This construction is most com…

of participle expressing time

§1498DATIVE OF RELATIONDative of the Participle expressing Time.—In expressions of time a participle is often used with the dative of the person interested in the action of the subject, and especially to…

with adjectives and adverbs

§§1499–1502DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES, ETC.Adjectives, adverbs, and substantives, of kindred meaning with the foregoing verbs, take the dative to define their meaning. βασιλεῖ φίλοι friendly to the king X. A. 2.1.20, εὔνους…

§1529WITH ADJECTIVES, ETC.Many adjectives and adverbs, and some substantives, take the instrumental dative by the same construction as the corresponding verbs. σύμμαχος αὐτοῖς their ally D. 9.58, χώρᾱ ὅμορο…

§1417GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVESConnection.—ἀκόλουθα ἀλλήλων dependent on one another X. O. 11.12, τὰ τούτων ἀδελφά what is akin to this X. Hi. 1.22, τῶν προειρημένων ἑπόμεναι ἀποδείξεις expositions agreeing with…

§1421GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVESPerception (1361).—Compounds in -ήκοος from ἀκούω: λόγων καλῶν ἐπήκοοι hearers of noble words P. R. 499a, ὑπήκοοι Θεσσαλῶν subjects of the Thessalians T. 4.78, ὑπήκοος τῶν γονέων o…

§1422GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVESFulness (1369).—χαρᾶς ἡ πόλις ἦν μεστή the city was full of rejoicing D. 18.217, παράδεισος ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης a park full of wild beasts X. A. 1.2.7, πλουσιώτερος φρονήσεως rich…

§1425GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVESAccountability (1375).—αἴτιος τούτων accountable for this P. G. 447a, ἔνοχος λιποταξίου liable to a charge of desertion L. 14.5, ἀσεβείᾱς ὑπόδικος subject to a trial for impiety P.…

§1430GENITIVE WITH ADJECTIVESDistinction (1401).—διάφορος τῶν ἄλλων different from the rest P. Par. 160d, ἕτερον τὸ ἡδὺ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ pleasure is different from what is good P. G. 500d, ἄλλα τῶν δικαίων at varian…

with substantives

§1510INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERThe instrumental dative occurs after substantives: μῑ́μησις σχήμασι imitation by means of gestures P. R. 397b.

instrumental

§§1503–1529INSTRUMENTAL DATIVEThe Greek dative, as the representative of the lost instrumental case, denotes that by which or with which an action is done or accompanied. It is of two kinds: (1) The instrumenta…

of instrument or means

§1507INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERInstrument or Means.—ἔβαλλέ με λίθοις he hit me with stones L. 3.8, ῑ̔́ησι τῇ ἀξῑ́νῃ he hurls his ax at him (hurls with his ax) X. A. 1.5.12, ταῖς μαχαίραις κόπτοντες hacking them …

§1508INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERUnder Means fall: a. The dative of price (cp. 1372): μέρει τῶν ἀδικημάτων τὸν κίνδῡνον ἐξεπρίαντο they freed themselves from the danger at the price of a part of their unjust gains…

§1511INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERThe instrumental dative of means is often, especially in poetry, reinforced by the prepositions ἐν, σύν, ὑπό: ἐν λόγοις πείθειν to persuade by words S. Ph. 1393, οἱ θεοὶ ἐν τοῖς ἱε…

§1757PASSIVE VOICEThe dative, or a prepositional phrase, is regularly used with the passive to denote the instrument, means, or cause (1506). The agent may be viewed as the instrument: in prose, whe…

of price

§1508 aINSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERUnder Means fall: a. The dative of price (cp. 1372): μέρει τῶν ἀδικημάτων τὸν κίνδῡνον ἐξεπρίαντο they freed themselves from the danger at the price of a part of their unjust gains…

§1372 aGENITIVE OF PRICE AND VALUEThe genitive is used with verbs signifying to buy, sell, cost, value, exchange. The price for which one gives or does anything stands in the genitive. ἀργυρίου πρίασθαι ἢ ἀποδόσθαι…

with verbs of filling

§1508 bINSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERUnder Means fall: a. The dative of price (cp. 1372): μέρει τῶν ἀδικημάτων τὸν κίνδῡνον ἐξεπρίαντο they freed themselves from the danger at the price of a part of their unjust gains…

§1369 aTHE PARTITIVE GENITIVEThe genitive is used with verbs signifying to fill, to be full of. The thing filled is put in the accusative. οὐκ ἐμπλήσετε τὴν θάλατταν τριήρων ; will you not cover the sea with y…

of material and constituent parts

§1508 cINSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERUnder Means fall: a. The dative of price (cp. 1372): μέρει τῶν ἀδικημάτων τὸν κίνδῡνον ἐξεπρίαντο they freed themselves from the danger at the price of a part of their unjust gains…

of standard of judgment

§1512INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERDative of Standard of Judgment.—That by which anything is measured, or judged, is put in the dative: ξυνεμετρήσαντο ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς τῶν πλίνθων they measured the ladders by the laye…

of manner

§§1513–1516INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERManner (see also 1527).—The dative of manner is used with comparative adjectives and other expressions of comparison to mark the degree by which one thing differs from another (Dat…

§1527COMITATIVE DATIVEDative of Accompanying Circumstance.—The dative, usually of an abstract substantive, may denote accompanying circumstance and manner. a. The substantive has an attribute: πολλῇ βοῇ…

of measure of difference

§§1513–1515INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERManner (see also 1527).—The dative of manner is used with comparative adjectives and other expressions of comparison to mark the degree by which one thing differs from another (Dat…

of respect

§1516INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERThe dative of manner may denote the particular point of view from which a statement is made. This occurs chiefly with intransitive adjectives but also with intransitive verbs (Dati…

of cause

§§1517–1520INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPERCause.—The dative, especially with verbs of emotion, expresses the occasion (external cause) or the motive (internal cause). Occasion: τῇ τύχῃ ἐλπίσᾱς confident by reason of his go…

comitative

§§1521–1529COMITATIVE DATIVEThe comitative form of the instrumental dative denotes the persons or things which accompany or take part in an action.

of association

§1523COMITATIVE DATIVEDative of Association.—The dative is used with words denoting friendly or hostile association or intercourse. This dative is especially common in the plural and after middle verbs.…

of accompaniment

§1524COMITATIVE DATIVEDative of Accompaniment.—The dative of accompaniment is used with verbs signifying to accompany, follow, etc. ἀκολουθεῖν τῷ ἡγουμένῳ to follow the leader P. R. 474c, ἕπεσθαι ῡ̔μῖν …

with αὐτός

§1525COMITATIVE DATIVEWith αὐτός.—The idea of accompaniment is often expressed by αὐτός joined to the dative. This use is common when the destruction of a person or thing is referred to. Thus, τῶν ϝεῶν …

of military accompaniment

§1526COMITATIVE DATIVEDative of Military Accompaniment.—The dative is used in the description of military movements to denote the accompaniment (troops, ships, etc.) of a leader: ἐξελαύνει τῷ στρατεύματ…

of accompanying circumstance

of space

§1528COMITATIVE DATIVESpace and Time.—The dative of space and time may sometimes be regarded as comitative. a. Space: the way by which (qua), as ἐπορεύετο τῇ ὁδῷ ἣν πρότερον ἐποιήσατο he marched by the …

locative

§§1530–1543LOCATIVE DATIVEThe dative as the representative of the locative is used to express place and time. a. On the instrumental dative of space and time, see 1528.

of place

§§1531–1538LOCATIVE DATIVEDative of Place.—In poetry the dative without a preposition is used to denote place. a. Where a person or thing is: στᾱ̀ς μέσῳ ἕρκεϊ taking his stand in the middle of the court Ω 3…

of time

§1125 NTHE ARTICLE WITH NUMERALSThe article may be used with cardinal numerals a. When the numeral states the definite part of a whole (expressed or understood): ἀπῆσαν τῶν λόχων δώδεκα ὄντων οἱ τρεῖς of the comp…

§1447GENITIVE OF TIME AND PLACEThe genitive may or may not denote a definite part of the time during which anything takes place; the dative fixes the time explicitly either by specifying a definite point in a gi…

§§1539–1543LOCATIVE DATIVEDative of Time.—The dative without a preposition is commonly used to denote a definite point of time (chiefly day, night, month, year, season) at which an action occurred. The dati…

with verbs of motion

§1532LOCATIVE DATIVEAfter verbs of motion the dative, as distinguished from the locative, denotes direction towards and is used of persons (1485), and is a form of the dative of interest.

§1475DATIVE OF INTERESTAfter verbs of motion the dative (usually personal) is used, especially in poetry: χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ὀρέγοντας reaching out their hands to me μ 257, ψῡχᾱ̀ς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν hurled their sou…

§1485DATIVE OF INTERESTWith verbs of motion the dative of the person to whom is properly a dative of advantage or disadvantage: ἦλθε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἡ ἀγγελίᾱ the message came to (for) the Athenians T. 1.…

with compound verbs

§§1544–1550DATIVE WITH COMPOUND VERBSMany compound verbs take the dative because of their meaning as a whole. So ἀντέχειν hold out against, ἀμφισβητεῖν dispute with (1523 b).

general force, after prepositions

§1658PREPOSITIONSIn general, when depending on prepositions expressing relations of place, the accusative denotes the place (or person) toward which or the place over which, along which motion take…

with preposition, after verb of motion

§1659 aPREPOSITIONSConstructio Praegnans.—a. A verb of motion is often used with a preposition with the dative to anticipate the rest that follows the action of the verb: ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ ἔπεσον they fel…

use, with prepositions (see under the various prepositions)

of articular infinitive

§2033THE INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE (ARTICULAR INFINITIVE)DATIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE a. With verbs, adjectives, and adverbs: thus, ἵνα . . . ἀπιστῶσι τῷ ἐμὲ τετῑμῆσθαι ὑπὸ δαιμόνων that they may distrust my having been honoured by…