Digamma

§3The AlphabetIn the older period there were two other letters: (1) Ϝ: ϝαῦ, uau, called digamma (i.e. double-gamma) from its shape. It stood after ε and was pronounced like ω. ϝ was written in B…

§37 DCOMPENSATORY LENGTHENINGCompensatory lengthening is the lengthening of a short vowel to make up for the omission of a consonant. The short vowels α ε ι ο υ are lengthened to ᾱ ει ῑ ου ῡ Thus the forms τάν…

§1The AlphabetThe Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters. Form Name Equivalents Sound as in Α α ἄλφα alpha a ă: aha; ā: father Β β βῆτα bēta b beg Γ γ γάμμα gamma g go Δ δ δέλτα delta d dig Ε ε …

§72 DELISIONElision does not occur in a. Monosyllables, except such as end in ε (τέ, δέ, γέ). b. The conjunction ὅτι that? (ὅτ᾽ is ὅτε when). c. The prepositions πρό before, ἄχρι, μέχρι until,…

§122DISAPPEARANCE OF Σ AND ϜDigamma (3) has disappeared in Attic. The following special cases are to be noted: a. In nouns of the third declension with a stem in αυ, ευ, or ον (43). Thus, ναῦς ship, gen. νεώς…

§123DISAPPEARANCE OF Σ AND ϜSome words have lost initial σϝ: ἡδύς sweet (Lat. sua(d)vis), οὗ, οἷ, ἕ him, ὅς his (Lat. suus), ἔθος custom, ἦθος character (Lat. con-suetus). Hom. εὔαδε pleased stands for ἐϝϝαδε…

§132 DVARIOUS CONSONANT CHANGESThe dialects often show consonants different from Attic in the same or kindred words. τ for ς: Doric τύ, τοί, τέ, διᾱκατίοι (διᾱκόσιοι), ϝῑ́κατι (εἴκοσι), Ποτειδᾱ́ν (Ποσειδών). ς “…

§146 DQUANTITY OF SYLLABLESThe quantity of most syllables is usually apparent. Thus, syllables a. with η, ω, or a diphthong, are long. b. with ε, ο, before a vowel or a single consonant, are short. c. with ε…

§347 D 3NUMERALSThe numeral adjectives and corresponding adverbs are as follows: SIGN CARDINAL ORDINAL ADVERB 1 αʹ εἷς, μία, ἕν one πρῶτος first ἅπαξ once 2 βʹ δύο two δεύτερος second δίς twice 3 …

§267STEMS IN ω(ϝ)Stems in ωϝ have lost vau and appear as ω stems. This ω contracts with the case endings in the dative and accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural. Stems in …

§270STEMS IN ι AND υStems in ι and υ vary with stronger stems, of which ε in the cases other than nom., acc., and voc. sing. is a survival. Thus: a. ι, υ, as in πόλι-ς, πῆχυ-ς. b. ει, ευ, which before…

§274STEMS IN ι AND υοἶς sheep is declined as follows: οἶς, οἰ-ός, οἰ-ί, οἶ-ν, οἶ; dual, οἶ-ε, οἰ-οῖν; pl. οἶ-ες, οἰ-ῶν, οἰ-σί, οἶ-ς. Here the stem is οἰ, representing ὀϝι, which is properly an ι stem:…

§278STEMS IN ευ, αυ, ουStem Variation.—Stems ending in ευ, αυ, ου lose υ before case endings beginning with a vowel, υ̯ passing into ϝ (43). Stems in ευ show the pure form only in the vocative; other for…

§297CONSONANT AND VOWEL DECLENSION COMBINEDἡδύς sweet is thus declined: SINGULAR Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. ἡδύ-ς ἡδεῖα ἡδύ Gen. ἡδέ-ος ἡδείᾱς ἡδέ-ος Dat. (ἡδέϊ) ἡδεῖ ἡδείᾳ (ἡδέϊ) ἡδεῖ Acc. ἡδύ-ν ἡδεῖα-ν ἡδύ Voc. ἡδύ ἡδεῖα ἡδύ D…

§325 D 4PRONOUNSThe Personal Pronouns.—The pronouns of the first, second, and third person are declined as follows: SINGULAR Nom. ἐγώ I σύ thou — he, she, it (325 d) Gen. ἐμοῦ; μου enclitic σοῦ; σ…

§326PRONOUNSStems.—I. (ἐ) με- (cp. Lat. me), νω- (cp. Lat. νο̄-ς), (ἐ)μο-, ἡμε-. ἐμοῦ is from ἐμέο; ἡμεῖς from ἀμμε-ες (37) with the rough breathing in imitation of ῡ̔μεῖς; ἡμῶν from ἡμέων, ἡμ…

§347NUMERALSThe numeral adjectives and corresponding adverbs are as follows: SIGN CARDINAL ORDINAL ADVERB 1 αʹ εἷς, μία, ἕν one πρῶτος first ἅπαξ once 2 βʹ δύο two δεύτερος second δίς twice 3 …

§348NUMERALSNotation.—The system of alphabetic notation came into use after the second century B.C. The first nine letters stand for units, the second nine for tens, the third nine for hundred…

§397 bREMARKS ON THE CONTRACTED VERBSVerbs in -εω of two syllables do not contract ε with ο or ω. The present and imperfect indicative of πλέω sail are inflected as follows. πλέω πλέομεν ἔπλεον ἐπλέομον πλεῖς πλεῖτον …

§503FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSPresent Stems in -εόε- for ευόε-.—The strong form ευ before the thematic vowel became εϝ (ευ) and then ε (20 a, 43) in the verbs θέω run θεύσομαι, νέω swim ἔνευσα, πλέω sail ἔπλευσ…

§624 bFIRST CONJUGATION OR VERBS IN ΩVerbs in ς or Ϝ(υ̯).—Some verb-stems ended originally in ς or ϝ. a. Sigma-stems (cp. 488 d) with presents either from -σ-ω or -σ-ι̯ω. Thus (1) from -σ-ω: ἀκούω, αὕω burn, γεύω, εὕω…

§859. 7LIST OF NOUN SUFFIXESVOWEL SUFFIXES 1. ο: nom. -ο-ς masc., fem., -ο-ν neut. A common suffix in primitives denoting persons (usually male agents) or things (often abstracts). ἀρχ-ό-ς leader from ἄρχ-ω l…

§861. 19LIST OF NOUN SUFFIXESSUFFIXES WITH NASALS (μ, ν) 1. μο, μᾱ (nom. μο-ς; -μᾰ and -μη): primary, in substantives denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 5-7), and in some concretes: χῡ-μό-ς juice (χέω …

§861. 21LIST OF NOUN SUFFIXESSUFFIXES WITH NASALS (μ, ν) 1. μο, μᾱ (nom. μο-ς; -μᾰ and -μη): primary, in substantives denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 5-7), and in some concretes: χῡ-μό-ς juice (χέω …

§863 a 24LIST OF NOUN SUFFIXESSUFFIXES WITH DENTALS (τ, δ, θ) a. Suffixes with τ. 1. τ: primary, at the end of stems, as ἀ-γνώς, ἀ-γνῶ-τ-ος unknown (γι-γνώ-σκω know). 2. το, τᾱ: primary, in verbal adjectives in…