Exhortation

§1797SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνHortatory Subjunctive.—The hortatory subjunctive (present or aorist) is used to express a request or a proposal (negative μή). a. Usually in the first person plural: νῦν ἴωμεν καὶ …

§1798SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνThe first person singular in negative exhortations (rare and poetic) may convey a warning or a threat: μή σε, γέρον, κοίλῃσιν παρὰ νηυσὶ κιχείω old man, let me not find thee by the…

§1820OPTATIVE WITHOUT ἄνImperative Optative.—The optative may express a command or exhortation with a force nearly akin to the imperative: Χειρίσοφος ἡγοῖτο let Chirisophus lead X. A. 3.2.37.

§1830OPTATIVE WITH ἄνThe potential optative with ἄν may be used, in a sense akin to that of the imperative, to express a command, exhortation, or request: λέγοις ἂν τὴν δέησιν tell me (you may tell) yo…

§1835IMPERATIVEThe imperative is used in commands and prohibitions (negative μή). All its tenses refer to the future. a. Under commands are included requests, entreaties, summons, prescriptions, …

§1836POSITIVE (COMMANDS)In exhortations ἄγε, φέρε, ἴθι (usually with δή, sometimes with νύν), often precede the imperative: ἄγε δὴ ἀκούσατε come listen X. Ap. 14, ἄγετε δειπνήσατε go now, take your supper…

§1918FUTURE INDICATIVEThe future with οὐ interrogative is used in questions in an imperative sense to express urgency, warning, or irony: οὐκ ἔξιμεν . . . οὐκ ἐπὶ τὴν ἐκείνου πλευσόμεθα; shall we not go…

§1920FUTURE INDICATIVEὅπως and ὅπως μή are used with the future in urgent exhortations and prohibitions: ὅπως οὖν ἔσεσθε ἄξιοι τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς prove yourselves then worthy of freedom X. A. 1.7.3, ὅπως το…

§2213OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF EFFORTὅπως and ὅπως μή with the future indicative may be used without any principal clause, to denote an urgent exhortation or a warning. Originally the ὅπως clause depended on σκόπει (σ…

§2096 eTHE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEτυγχάνω (poet. κυρῶ) happen, am just now, λανθάνω escape the notice of, am secretly, φθάνω anticipate, am beforehand. a. With these verbs the participle contains the main idea, and…

§2155SUMMARY OF THE FORMS OF SIMPLE SENTENCESCOMMANDS (INCLUDING EXHORTATIONS) 1. Positive Commands are expressed by the A. Imperative, except in the first person (1835). B. Subjunctive, in the first person (1797). C. Future …

§2784 cἀλλάἀλλά opposing Whole Sentences.—ἀλλά well, well but, nay but, however is often used, especially at the beginning of a speech, in opposition either to something said (or supposed to …