Gentiles

GENTILES OR PLACE NAMES

Gentiles are denominative nouns denoting belonging to or coming from a particular country, nation, or city. Gentiles are formed from proper nouns by secondary suffixes.

1. ευ (nom. -εύς, gen. -έως, masc.), ιδ (nom. -ίς, gen. ίδ-ος, fem.):

Πλαταιεύς -έως, Πλαταιΐς -ίδος a Plataean (ἡ Πλάταια); Ἐρετριεύς an Eretrian (ἡ Ἐρέτρια); Μεγαρεύς, Μεγαρίς a Megarian (τὰ Μέγαρα); Αἰολεύς Aeolian (Αἴολος, mythical ancestor of the Aeolians).

a. -ίς (-ίδος) may denote a land or a dialect: ἡ Δωρίς (γῆ) Doris; ἡ Αἰολίς (γλῶττα) the Aeolic dialect.

2. τᾱ (nom. -τη-ς, masc.), τιδ (nom. -τις, fem.): Τεγεᾱ́-της, Τεγεᾶ-τις of Tegea (ἡ Τεγέᾱ); Σπαρτ-ιᾱ́-της, Σπαρτ-ιᾶ-τις of Sparta (ἡ Σπάρτᾱ); Αἰγῑνή-της, Αἰγῑνῆ-τις of Aegina (ἡ Αἴγῑνα); Συβαρ-ῑ́-της, Συβαρ-ῖ-τις Sybarite (ἡ Σύβαρις); Σικελι-ώ-της, Σικελι-ῶ-τις Siciliote (ἡ Σικελίᾱ).

a. The endings -ῑτης, -ωτης are due to analogy; see 843 a. N.

3. Other gentiles, properly adjectives, end in -ιος, -ιᾱ, as Ἀθηναῖο-ς, -αίᾱ of Athens (αἱ Ἀθῆναι), Μῑλήσ-ιο-ς for Μῑλητ-ιο-ς of Miletus (Μῑ́λητος), Ὀπούντιο-ς of Opus (Ὀποῦς); (ι)κός, (ι)κᾱ́, as Ἰων-ικός Ionic (Ἴων-ες Ionians); νό-ς, νή preceded by ᾱ(η), ῑ, as Σαρδι-ᾱνό-ς of Sardis (Σάρδεις), Λαμψακ-ηνό-ς of Lampsacus (Λάμψακος), Βυζαντ-ῖνο-ς Byzantine (Βυζάντιον). See 863 b. 12.

VOWEL SUFFIXES

1. ο: nom. -ο-ς masc., fem., -ο-ν neut. A common suffix in primitives denoting persons (usually male agents) or things (often abstracts).

ἀρχ-ό-ς leader from ἄρχ-ω lead; ζυγ-ό-ν yoke from ζεύγ-νῡ-μι yoke (ζυγ-, ζευγ-); λόγ-ο-ς speech from λέγ-ω speak; νόμ-ο-ς custom, law from νέμ-ω distribute; στόλ-ο-ς expedition from στέλλω (στελ-) send; τροφ-ό-ς (ὁ, ἡ) nurse from τρέφ-ω nourish; φόρ-ο-ς tribute from φέρ-ω bear, bring.

a. The roots of some words appear only in other languages: οἶκ-ο-ς house, Lat. vīc-u-s.

b. The suffix has the accent when the agent is denoted. ε of the root varies with ο (831 b).

2. ᾱ: nom. -ᾱ or -η fem. A common suffix in primitives, usually to denote things, often abstracts (action).

ἀρχ-ή beginning from ἄρχ-ω begin; λοιβ-ή pouring from λείβ-ω pour; μάχ-η fight from μάχ-ομαι fight; σπουδ-ή haste from σπεύδ-ω hasten; στέγ-η roof from στέγ-ω shelter; τροφ-ή nourishment from τρέφ-ω nourish; τύχ-η chance from τυγχάνω happen (τυχ-); φορ-ᾱ́ crop from φέρ-ω bear; φυγ-ή flight from φεύγω flee (φυγ-, φευγ-).

a. The roots of some words appear only in other languages: γυν-ή woman (Eng. queen).

b. Most substantives accent the suffix; but many accent the penult.

3. ᾱ: nom. -ᾱς, -ης, in a few masculines, usually compounds: παιδο-τρίβ-η-ς trainer of boys in gymnastics (τρῑ́βω rub).

4. ῐ, ῑ: primary, in ὄφ-ι-ς snake, poet. τρόχ-ι-ς runner (τρέχ-ω run), πόλ-ι-ς city (originally πόλ-ῑ-ς), ἤν-ῑ-ς yearling. Many words with the ι-suffix have taken on δ or τ; as ἐλπ-ί-ς hope ἐλπί-δ-ος (ἔλπ-ομαι hope), χάρ-ι-ς grace χάρι-τ-ος (χαίρω rejoice, χαρ-).

5. ιο: in a few primitive verbal adjectives (ἅγ-ιο-ς 858. 2), but common in denominate adjectives (858. 2), rare in substantives: νυμφ-ίο-ς bridegroom (νύμφη bride); in names of things more concrete than those ending in -ιᾱ: μαρτύρ-ιο-ν a testimony (cp. μαρτύρ-ιᾱ testimony); in gentiles (844. 3); in diminutives (852. 1), often in combination with other diminutive suffixes (αριο, ιδιο, υλλιο, etc. 852); often in combination with a final stem vowel (851. 1, 858. 2).

6. ιᾰ, ιᾱ: rarely primary, in φύζα flight (φεύγ-ω flee); in verbal abstracts: μανίᾱ madness (840 a. 9); usually secondary in the fem. of adj. in -ύς: βαρεῖα = βαρεῦ-ια, πίττα pitch (= πικ-ῖα, cp. Lat. pic-us), γλῶττα tongue = γλωχ-ια (cp. γλωχ-ῑ́-ς point, γλῶχ-ες beards of corn), θῆττα serf (843 b. 4); in the nom. fem. of participles in ντ, οτ (λῡ́ουσα from λῡοντ-ῖα, λελυκυ-ῖα); in denominative abstracts expressing quality (840 b. 1, 2); in names of persons: ταμ-ίᾱ-ς steward (τέμ-ν-ω cut, ἔ-ταμ-ον), Νῑκ-ίᾱ-ς Nicias (νῑ́κη victory).—Often in combination with other suffixes: αινα 843 b. 5; -ε-ια 840 a. 9; ισσα 843 b. 4; τρια, τειρᾱ 839 b. 2, 3.

7. Ϝο, Ϝᾱ: primary, in ὅρος for ὅρ(ϝ)ος boundary, κεν(ϝ)ός empty, λᾱι(ϝ)ός left (Lat. laevus), καλ(ϝ)ός beautiful; (probably) secondary in verbals in -τέος (λυτέος that must be loosed) and in adj. in -αλέος (860. 1).

8. υ (ευ): primary, in adjectives (858. 15), in substantives: γέν-υ-ς chin, πῆχ-υ-ς fore-arm.—9. ῡ: primary, in feminines: ἰσχ-ῡ́-ς strength, ὀφρ-ῦ-ς eye-brow, νέκ-ῡ-ς (Hom.) corpse, cf. Lat. nec-are.—10. ευ (ηυ): primary of the agent (839 a. 5); rarely of things: κοπ-εύ-ς chisel (κόπ-τ-ω cut); secondary, of the person concerned (843 a. 1), in gentiles (844. 1), rarely of things: δονακ-εύ-ς reed-thicket (δόναξ reed); in diminutives in -ιδεύς (853).—11. οι (nom. -ώ): primary in πειθ-ώ πειθοῦς persuasion (279).—12. ωϜ (nom. -ως): primary in ἥρ-ως ἥρω-ος hero (267).

SUFFIXES WITH NASALS (μ, ν)

1. μο, μᾱ (nom. μο-ς; -μᾰ and -μη): primary, in substantives denoting actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 5-7), and in some concretes: χῡ-μό-ς juice (χέω pour, χυ-), γραμ-μή line (γράφ-ω write, draw); in adjectives (858. 8, 9). On -τ-μο -τ-μα, -θ-μο -θ-μα, -σ-μο -σ-μα see 837, 832, 836; secondary, rarely in substantives: δρῡ-μό-ς coppice (δρῦ-ς tree, oak), or adjectives: ἔτυ-μο-ς true (ἐτεϝός real).—ι-μο: secondary, derived from ι stems (858. 9).—2. ματ (nom. -μα): primary, denoting result (841. 2). Here to μα from ṃ (cp. ὄνομα name, Lat. nomen; τέρμα goal, Lat. termen) τ has been added; cp. cognomentum.—3. μεν (nom. -μην): primary, in ποι-μήν shepherd, λι-μήν harbour.—4. μενο: primary, in participles: λῡό-μενο-ς.—5. μι (rare): primary, in φῆ-μι-ς speech (poet. for φή-μη).—6. μιν (nom. -μῑς): prim., ῥηγ-μῑ́-ς surf (ῥήγ-νῡ-μι break).—7. μνο, μνᾱ: prim., in στά-μνο-ς jar (ἵ-στη-μι set, stand, στα-), βέλε-μνο-ν dart (βάλλω throw), ποί-μνη flock, λί-μνη lake.—8. μον (nom. -μων): primary, in ἡγε-μών leader (ἡγέ-ομαι lead); adjectives 858. 10.—9. μονᾱ: primary, in πλη-σ-μονή fulness (πίμ-πλη-μι fill).—10. μων (nom. -μων): primary, in χει-μών winter, λει-μών meadow.

11. νο, νᾱ: primary, in ὕπ-νο-ς sleep, καπ-ϝό-ς smoke, ποι-νή punishment, φερ-νή dower (φέρ-ω bring), τέκ-νο-ν child (τίκτω bear, τεκ-), in adjectives (858. 11); secondary, in adjectives (858. 11), in σελή-νη moon (= σελασ-νη, σέλας gleam).—ανο, ανᾱ: primary, in στέφ-ανο-ς crown, στεφ-άνη diadem (στέφ-ω encircle), δρέπ-ανο-ν, δρεπ-άνη sickle (δρέπ-ω pluck), ὄργ-ανο-ν instrument (ἔργον work), θηγ-άνη whetstone (θήγ-ω whet); in adjectives: στεγ-ανό-ς (cp. στεγ-νός) water-tight (στέγ-ω shelter); secondary, in βο-τ-άνη fodder (βο-τό-ς, βό-σκω graze), ἕδρ-ανο-ν seat (ἕδ-ρᾱ seat). ᾱνο (ηνο), ᾱνᾱ (ηνᾱ): secondary, in gentiles (844. 3). ενο, ενᾱ: primary, in παρθ-ένο-ς maiden, ὠλ-ένη elbow. ηνο, ηνᾱ: primary, in τι-θή-νη nurse (θῆσθαι give suck). ινο, ινᾱ: secondary, in adjectives of material and time (858. 12), and in ῥαδ-ινό-ς slender, μελ-ίνη millet. ινεο, ινεᾱ: secondary, in adjectives of material (858. 12). ῑνο, ῑνα: primary, in χαλ-ῑνό-ς bridle, σέλ-ῑνο-ν parsley; secondary, in gentiles (844. 3); in patronymics (845. 6); in ἐρυθρ-ῖνο-ς red mullet (ἐρυθρό-ς red); βολβ-ῑ́νη a kind of βολβ-ός (a bulb-root). ονο, ονᾱ: primary, in κλ-όνο-ς battle-rout (κέλ-ομαι urge on); in abstracts, as ἡδ-ονή pleasure (ἥδ-ομαι am pleased). υνο, υνᾱ: primary, in κορ-ύνη club, πίσ-υνο-ς relying on (πείθ-ω persuade). ῡνο, ῡνᾱ: primary, in κίνδ-ῡνο-ς danger, αἰσχ-ῡ́νη disgrace. ωνο, ωνᾱ: primary, in κολ-ωνό-ς hill, κορ-ώ<*>η crow.—12. νυ (rare): primary, in λιγ-νύ-ς smoky fire.

13. αινα: secondary, of the person concerned (843 b. 5).—14. αν: primary, in μέλᾱς μέλαν-ος black.—15. εν (nom. -ην): primary, in τέρ-ην tender, ἄρρ-ην male.—16. ην: primary, in πευθ-ήν inquirer (πεύθ-ομαι, πυνθάνομαι inquire).—17. ῑν (nom. -ῑς): primary, in δελφῑ́ς dolphin, ὠδῑ́ς travail.— 18. ον (nom. -ων): primary, in words of agency: τέκτ-ων carpenter, τρῡγ-ών turtle-dove (τρύζω murmur, τρυγ-), κλύδ-ων wave (κλύζω dash, κλυδ-); and in others, as εἰκ-ών image (ἔοικα am like, εἰκ-), χι-ών snow.—19. ιον: secondary, in μαλακ-ίων darling, diminutive of μαλακό-ς soft.—ῑον: primary, in comparatives; ἡδ-ῑ́ων sweeter (ἡδ-ύ-ς); secondary, in patronymics (845.5). —Ϝον: primary, in πῑ́ων fat.—20. ων: secondary, in words denoting persons possessing some physical or mental quality, as γάστρ-ων glutton (γαστήρ belly); to denote place (851. 3); in names of months: Ἀνθεστηριών.—21. Ϝων: primary, in αἰ(ϝ)ών age, gen. αἰῶν-ος.—22. ιων: secondary, in patronymics (845. 5).—23. ιωνᾱ: secondary, in patronymics (845. 6).

SUFFIXES WITH DENTALS (τ, δ, θ)

a. Suffixes with τ.

1. τ: primary, at the end of stems, as ἀ-γνώς, ἀ-γνῶ-τ-ος unknown (γι-γνώ-σκω know).

2. το, τᾱ: primary, in verbal adjectives in -τό-ς (471) with the force of a perfect participle, as γνω-τό-ς known (γι-γνώ-σκω know), στα-τό-ς placed, standing (ἴ-στη-μι set, place), or with the idea of possibility, as λυ-τό-ς able to be loosed; in verbal abstracts, which sometimes become concrete: κοί-το-ς, κοί-τη bed (κεῖ-μαι lie), βρον-τή thunder (βρέμ-ω roar), φυ-τό-ν plant (φῡ́ω produce), πο-τό-ν drink (πῑ́νω drink, πο- 529), βιο-τός, βιο-τή life, means of living (βίο-ς life); in numerals, τρί-το-ς third, ἕκ-το-ς sex-tu-s.—In superlatives, ισ-το primary, as ἥδ-ιστο-ς sweetest (ἡδ-ύ-ς); τατο, secondary, as ἀληθέσ-τατο-ς most true (ἀληθής).—τᾱ (nom. -τη-ς): primary, to denote the agent (839 a. 1); secondary, to denote the person concerned (843 a. 2).—ατο, ατᾱ: primary, in θάν-ατο-ς death (θνῄ-σκω, θαν-εῖν die), κάμ-ατο-ς weariness (κάμ-νω, καμ-εῖν am weary). ετο, ετᾱ: primary, in παγ-ετό-ς frost (πήγ-νῡ-μι make hard); secondary, in εὐν-έτη-ς bed-fellow (εὐνή bed, 843 a. N.). ᾱτᾱ ᾱτιδ, ητᾱ ητιδ, ῑτᾱ ῑτιδ, ωτᾱ ωτιδ, in gentiles (844. 2).

3. τᾱτ (τητ): secondary, in substs. denoting quality (840 b. 4).—4. τεϝο: primary, in verbal adjectives (473).—5. τειρᾱ: primary, of the agent (839 b. 3).—6. τερο: secondary, in comparatives (313); substantivized in ἔν-τερο-ν bowel.—7. τηρ: primary, to denote the agent (839 a. 2), often regarded as the instrument: ῥαιστήρ hammer (838 a), ἀρυ-τήρ ladle.—8. τηρ-ιο: compound suffix, of place (851. 2), of means (842. 4), of wages (842. 5): θρεπ-τήρια reward for rearing (τρέφ-ω); in adjectives, 858. 14.—9. τι: primary, to denote action or an abstract idea (840 a. 1); rarely, of persons: μάν-τι-ς seer (μαίν-ομαι rage, am inspired, μαν-).—10. τιδ: primary, of the agent (839 b. 4).—11. τορ: primary, of the agent (839 a. 3).—12. τρᾱ: primary, of instrument or means (842. 3); of place (851. 6).—13. τριᾱ (nom. -τρια): primary, of the agent (839 b. 2).—14. τριδ (nom. -τρίς): primary, of the agent (839 b. 1). —15. τριο: secondary, in ἀλλό-τρ-ιο-ς belonging to another.—16. τρο (-τρο-ς, -τρο-ν): primary, to denote the agent (839 a. 4), instrument (842. 1), place, as θέᾱ-τρο-ν theatre (place for seeing), λέκ-τρο-ν bed.— 17. τυ: primary, of actions or abstract ideas (840 a. 4); in ἄσ-τυ city, φῖ-τυ sprout (φῡ́-ω produce); secondary, denoting connection with a numeral: τριτ-τύ-ς third of a tribe (τρί-το-ς third).

18. ᾱτ: primary, in κέρᾱς, κέρᾱτ-ος (and κέρως, 258) horn.—19. ητ: primary, in πένης, -ητ-ος serf (πέν-ομαι toil), πλάν-ητ-ες planets (πλανά-ω wander). —20. ιτ: primary, in μέλι, -ιτ-ος honey (Lat. mel), χάρ-ις grace (χαίρω rejoice, χαρ-). See 859. 4.—21. ῑτιδ (nom. -ῖτις, fem.): secondary in words denoting place (851. 4).—22. ωτ: primary, in γέλως, -ωτος laughter (γελά-ω laugh).—23. ντ: primary, in active participles (except the perfect), as λῡ́ο-ντ-ος; in some adjectives inflected like participles (ἑκών willing), and in participial substantives: δράκ-ων serpent (δέρκ-ομαι gleam, δρακ-εῖν), also in λέων lion, ἀδάμᾱς adamant. —24. ϝεντ (nom. -εις): secondary, in adjectives denoting fulness (858. 3), and in some proper names of places: Ὀποῦς Opus from Ὀποϝεντ-ς (844. 3).

b. Suffixes with δ.

1. δ: secondary, in patronymics (845. 1).—2. δ-ανο: secondary, in οὐτιδανό-ς a nobody (οὔτις nobody), properly from τιδ, neuter of τὶ, + ανό-ς. —ε-δανο: primary, in ῥῑγ-ε-δανό-ς chilling (ῥῑγ-έω shudder).—3. δ-απο: secondary, in ἀλλοδαπός foreign, properly = ἀλλοδ, neuter of ἄλλος (cp. aliud), + από-ς.—4. δ-ᾱ: secondary, in patronymics (845. 1).—5. δ-ιο: στά-δ-ιο-ς standing (ἴ-στη-μι), with δ prob. from a word containing the suffix δ, as ἀμ-φάδιο-ς public from ἀμ-φαδό-ν publicly.—6. δων: primary, in μελ-ε-δών care (μέλει is a care), ἀλγ-η-δών pain (ἀλγέ-ω suffer); secondary, in κοτυληδών a cup-shaped hollow (κοτύλη cup); cp. ἀχθ-η-δών distress (ἄχθ-ος burden).—7. δωνᾱ: primary, in μελ-ε-δώνη care (see δων).

8. αδ: primary, in νιφ-άς, -άδ-ος snow-flake (νῑ́φ-ω, better νείφ-ω, snow), φυγ-άς exile (φεύγ-ω flee, φυγ-), λαμπ-άς torch (λάμπ-ω shine); secondary, in abstract feminines denoting number (840 b. 5).—9. ιαδ, 10. ιαδᾱ: secondary, in patronymics (845. 3).—11. αδιο: secondary, in κατ-ωμ-άδιο-ς from the shoulder (ὦμο-ς), derived from διχθ-άδ-ιο-ς divided (διχθάς, -άδος divided).—12. ιδ: primary, in ἀσπ-ίς, -ίδ-ος shield, ἐλπ-ίς hope (ἔλπομαι hope); secondary, in adj. as συμμαχίς allied (πόλις) from σύμμαχο-ς allied with; in words denoting the person concerned (843 b. 2); in gentiles (844. 1), as Περσίς Persian woman; in feminine patronymics (845. 4).—13. ιδᾱ: secondary, in patronymics (845. 4).—14. ιδεο: secondary, in names of relationship (850).— 15. ιδευ: secondary, in diminutives (853).—16. ιδιο: secondary, in diminutives (852. 2), and transferred in μοιρ-ίδιο-ς doomed (μοῖρα doom). —17. ῑδ: secondary, in κνημῑ́ς greave (κνήμη leg, thigh).—18. νδᾱ: secondary, in patronymics (846, e).—19. ωδες: secondary, in adjectives of fulness (858. 16).

c. Suffixes with θ.

1. θ appears in suffixes that are obscure in relation to root or stem (832): ὄρνῑς ὄρνῑθ-ος bird, ψάμαθος sand, κύαθος cup, πέλεθος ordure; several in -νθ (probably not Greek), as ἐρέβ-ινθος chick-pea.—2. θλο, θλᾱ: primary, in γέν-ε-θλο-ν, γεν-έ-θλη race (γίγ-νομαι become, γεν-).—3. θλιο: secondary, in γεν-έ-θλιο-ς belonging to one's birth.—4. θρο, θρα: primary, in ἄρ-θρο-ν joint (ἀραρίσκω join, ἀρ-), ἐπι-βά-θρᾱ ladder (βαίνω go, βα-).

SUFFIXES WITH PALATALS (κ, γ, χ)

1. κο, κᾱ: primary (rare), in θή-κη box (τί-θη-μι place); secondary, in adjectives (858.6).—ακο (rare): primary, in μαλ-ακό-ς soft (cp. Lat. mollis); secondary in adjectives (858. 6. c).—ιακο: secondary, in κῡρ-ιακό-ς of the Lord.—ικο, ικᾱ: secondary, in adjectives (858. 6), in gentiles (844. 3). —2. σκο, σκᾱ: primary, in δίσκος quoit ( = δικ + σκο-ς from δικ-εῖν throw), βο-σκή food (cp. βό-σκω feed).—ισκο: secondary, in diminutives (852. 6).

3. ακ: primary, in μεῖραξ lass, μειράκ-ιο-ν lad dimin. 854, κόλαξ flatterer.— 4. ᾱκ: primary, in θώρᾱξ breast-plate.—5. ικ: primary, in κύλιξ cup, ἧλιξ comrade.—6. ῑκ: primary, in πέρδιξ, -ῑκος partridge.—7. ῡκ: primary, in κῆρυξ, -ῡκος herald.

8. αγ: primary, in ἅρπαξ rapacious, ἁρπαγ-ή seizure (cp. ἁρπάζω seize).— 9. ῑγ: primary, in μάστιξ, -ῑγ-ος whip.—10. υγ: primary, in ἄντυξ, -υγος rim.—11. γγ: primary, denoting something hollow, in φάλαγξ phalanx, σάλπιγξ trumpet, λάρυγξ larynx.

12. ιχο: secondary, in ὀρτάλ-ιχο-ς chick, dimin. (ὀρταλί-ς chicken).