Hearing

Present of Past and Present Combined.—The present, when accompanied by a definite or indefinite expression of past time, is used to express an action begun in the past and continued in the present. The ‘progressive perfect’ is often used in translation. Thus, πάλαι θαυμάζω I have been long (and am still) wondering P. Cr. 43b. Cp. iamdudum loquor. So with πάρος, ποτέ. This use appears also in the other moods.

a. So with verbs of hearing, saying, learning, whose action commenced in the past, but whose effect continues into the present: ἐξ ὧν ἀκούω from what I hear (have heard) X. A. 1.9.28, ὅπερ λέγω as I said P. A. 21a. So with αἰσθάνομαι, γιγνώσκω, μανθάνω, πυνθάνομαι. ἄρτι just is often found with these verbs.

b. The perfect is used instead of the present when the action is completed in the present.

The constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression.

a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infinitive (2017, 2579).

b. Most verbs of thinking and believing take the infinitive (2018, cp. 2580).

c. Most verbs of knowing, perceiving, hearing, showing take the participle (2106, 2110), but admit the construction with ὅτι or ὡς. Some are followed by the infinitive (2123 ff.).

d. On the construction of verbs of hoping, promising , and swearing, see 1868, 1999, 2024.

Verbs of Perception.—Verbs signifying to see, perceive, hear, learn (i.e. learn by inquiry, hear of), when they denote physical (actual) perception take the participle. When they denote intellectual perception they may take the participle or ὅτι or ὡς with a finite verb. (The Homeric usage is less strict.)

The constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression.

a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infinitive (2017, 2579).

b. Most verbs of thinking and believing take the infinitive (2018, cp. 2580).

c. Most verbs of knowing, perceiving, hearing, showing take the participle (2106, 2110), but admit the construction with ὅτι or ὡς. Some are followed by the infinitive (2123 ff.).

d. On the construction of verbs of hoping, promising , and swearing, see 1868, 1999, 2024.

The constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression.

a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infinitive (2017, 2579).

b. Most verbs of thinking and believing take the infinitive (2018, cp. 2580).

c. Most verbs of knowing, perceiving, hearing, showing take the participle (2106, 2110), but admit the construction with ὅτι or ὡς. Some are followed by the infinitive (2123 ff.).

d. On the construction of verbs of hoping, promising , and swearing, see 1868, 1999, 2024.