Imperative

§357INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Moods.—Four moods, the indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative, are called finite, because the person is defined by the ending (366). The infinitive, strictly a verbal noun (…

§359INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Tenses.—There are seven tenses in the indicative: present, imperfect, future, aorist, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. The future perfect commonly has a passive force, but …

§1760THE MOODSThere are four moods proper in Greek: indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. The infinitive (strictly a verbal noun) and the participle (strictly an adjective form of t…

§364INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Person.—There are three persons (first, second, and third) in the indicative, subjunctive, and optative. The imperative has only the second and third persons. a. Except in a few ca…

§424 bACCENTTo this general rule there are exceptions. a. Enclitics.—All the forms of φημί say, and εἰμί am, except φῄς and εἶ. b. Imperatives.—(1) The second person sing. of the second aorist…

§426 b, cACCENTExceptions to the recessive accent of compound verbs.—a. The accent cannot precede the augment or reduplication: ἄπειμι am absent, ἀπῆν was absent, εἰσ-ῆλθον they entered, ἀπ-ῆσαν …

§466ENDINGS OF THE VERB: PERSONAL ENDINGSENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE 1. Active. a. 2 Sing.—λῦε, λίπε, τίθει (for τίθε-ε) have not lost -θι. -θι is found in 2 aor. pass. φάνη-θι; in στῆ-θι and ἕστα-θι; in some 2 aorists, lik…

§631PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Imperative.—The present imperative endings are added to the tensestem with the thematic vowel ε (ο before -ντων). The 2 pers. sing. active has no ending, but uses the tense-stem in…

§751PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Present Imperative.—τίθει and δίδου are formed (cp. ποίει and δήλου) from τίθε-ε, δίδο-ε. ἵστη and δείκνῡ show the stronger stem forms. For the middle endings and the retention of …

§669FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (542)Imperative.—The regular endings (462) are added to the stem in -σα (or -α in liquid verbs) except in the active and middle 2 sing., in which -ον and -αι take the place of -α: λῦσον…

§676FIRST AND SECOND AORIST PASSIVE (585, 590)Imperative.—The endings of the imperative are added to the tense-stem ending in -θη- or -η-. Before -ντων, -θη- and -η- become -θε- and -ε- (λυθέντων, φανέντων). For -τι instead of…

§125 b, cASPIRATIONTwo rough stops beginning successive syllables of the same word are avoided in Greek. A rough stop is changed into a smooth stop when the following syllable contains a rough stop. …

§684SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (546)The imperative is inflected like στῆθι (p. 139). γνῶθι, γνώτω γνῶτον, γνώτων γνῶτε, γνόντων a. In composition διάγνωθι, ἀνάβηθι (423). For βῆθι (from βαίνω) -βᾱ in composition occu…

§759SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLESecond Aorist Imperative.—On θέ-ς, δό-ς, ἕ-ς, see 466. 1. b. These verbs show the weak form of the stem (θέ-τω, θέ-ντων). ἵστημι and σβέννῡμι have -θι in στῆ-θι, σβῆ-θι. For στῆ-θι…

§382I. (A) VOWEL VERBS: NOT CONTRACTEDSYNOPSIS OF I. PRESENT SYSTEM II. FUTURE SYSTEM III. FIRST AORIST SYSTEM ACTIVE: Present and Imperfect Future 1 Aorist Indic. λῡ́ω I loose or am λῡ́σω I shall loose loosing ἔλῡον I…

§697FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)Imperative.—The usual form of the first perfect imperative is periphrastic: λελυκὼς ἴσθι, ἔστω, etc. No classical Attic writer uses the simple forms.

§698FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)The second perfect is rare, and occurs only in the case of verbs which have a present meaning. From active verbs inflected according to the ω- conjugation there occur κεχήνετε gape…

§765FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT (AND PLUPERFECT) ACTIVEImperative.—ἕσταθι is poetical.

§599 gPERIPHRASTIC FORMSPerfect.—For the simple perfect and pluperfect periphrastic forms are often used. a. For the perfect or pluperfect active indicative the forms of the perfect active participle and …

§697FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)Imperative.—The usual form of the first perfect imperative is periphrastic: λελυκὼς ἴσθι, ἔστω, etc. No classical Attic writer uses the simple forms.

§§712–714PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE AND PASSIVE (574)Imperative.—In the third person singular the perfect meaning is regularly retained, as εἰρήσθω let it have been said. The 2 sing. and pl. are generally found only in the case of pe…

§§1835–1844IMPERATIVEThe imperative is used in commands and prohibitions (negative μή). All its tenses refer to the future. a. Under commands are included requests, entreaties, summons, prescriptions, …

§1839POSITIVE (COMMANDS)The imperative may be used in assumptions (hypothetical imperative), to make a concession, or to grant permission: ἐμοῦ γ᾽ ἕνεκ᾽ ἔστω let it be assumed as far as I am concerned D. …

§1842NEGATIVE (PROHIBITIONS)The imperative may be used in subordinate clauses: κρᾱτῆρές εἰσιν . . . ὧν κρᾶτ᾽ ἔρεψον there are mixing-bowls, the brims of which thou must crown S. O. C. 473. a. Especially after…

§1843NEGATIVE (PROHIBITIONS)The use of the imperative is to be explained as equivalent to δεῖ or χρή with the infinitive.

§1864THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEImperative.—The imperative always implies future time. The tenses do not refer to differences of time, and denote only the stage of the action. a. Present (continuance): τοὺς γονεῖ…

§1957FUTURE PERFECTThe future perfect may have an imperative force (1917): εἰρήσεται γὰρ τᾱ̓ληθές for the truth shall (let it) be spoken I. 7.76.

§2013F. Infinitive in Commands, Wishes, and ExclamationsInfinitive in Commands.—The infinitive may be used for the second person of the imperative. The person addressed is regarded as the subject. This infinitive is commoner in poetry t…

§2275ὥστε (ὡς) WITH A FINITE VERBWith an imperative, a hortatory or prohibitory subjunctive, or an interrogative verb, a clause with ὥστε is coördinate rather than subordinate, and ὥστε has the force of καὶ οὕτως.…

§2287CONDITIONAL CLAUSESThe indicative, subjunctive, and optative moods, and the participle may stand in protasis and apodosis. The imperative and infinitive may be used in the apodosis. The future optati…

§2300 fFirst Form of Conditions: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONSThe apodosis may be the simple indicative or any other form of the simple sentence appropriate to the thought. a. Simple Indicative: εἰ τοῦτ᾽ ἔχει καλῶς, ἐκεῖνο αἰσχρῶς if this is …

§2357LESS USUAL COMBINATIONS OF COMPLETE PROTASIS AND APODOSISThe subjunctive of exhortation, prohibition, or deliberation, the optative of wish, and the imperative, may be used as the apodosis of εἰ with the indicative in Simple Present and …

§2326 eThird Form of Conditions: MORE VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONSThe apodosis of the more vivid future condition is the future indicative or any other form of the simple sentence that refers to future time. a. Future Indicative: ἐᾱ̀ν ζητῇς καλῶς…

§2357LESS USUAL COMBINATIONS OF COMPLETE PROTASIS AND APODOSISThe subjunctive of exhortation, prohibition, or deliberation, the optative of wish, and the imperative, may be used as the apodosis of εἰ with the indicative in Simple Present and …

§2328Third Form of Conditions: MORE VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONSEmotional Future Conditions.—When the protasis expresses strong feeling, the future indicative with εἰ is commonly used instead of ἐᾱ́ν with the subjunctive, and may often be rende…

§2357LESS USUAL COMBINATIONS OF COMPLETE PROTASIS AND APODOSISThe subjunctive of exhortation, prohibition, or deliberation, the optative of wish, and the imperative, may be used as the apodosis of εἰ with the indicative in Simple Present and …

§2359εἰ with the Optative, Apodosis a primary tense of the Indicative, etc.εἰ with the optative (instead of ἐᾱ́ν with the subjunctive) is not infrequent in the protasis with a primary tense of the indicative, a subjunctive, or an imperative, in the apodos…

§2364εἰ with the Optative, Apodosis a primary tense of the Indicative, etc.Imperative.—εἴ τις τάδε παραβαίνοι . . ., ἐναγὴς ἔστω if any one transgresses these injunctions, let him be accursed Aes. 3.110 (quoted from an ancient imprecation), τὸ μὲν δὴ ἀργύ…

§2545 fUSE OF THE MOODS IN RELATIVE CLAUSESThe ordinary uses of the moods in relative clauses are as follows: a. The present and past tenses of the indicative without ἄν express a fact or the assumption of a fact. The futur…

§2553CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESOrdinary Relative Clauses define more exactly a definite antecedent, and show the mood and the negative of simple sentences. Indicative: ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ἃ ἐγὼ δέομαι this is what I wan…

§2612GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe imperative is commonly replaced in indirect discourse by a periphrasis with χρῆναι. Cp. 2633 b.

§2709μή WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVEThe imperative is a mood of will and therefore takes μή in prohibitions (1840). a. The future indicative after interrogative οὐ has an imperative sense (1918).

§2843 aδήIntensive δή emphasizes, and makes definite, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and other words. Thus, ἅπαντες δή absolutely all, κράτιστοι δή the very best, μόνος δή quite alone, ὀλίγ…

§2873Conjunctional καίIn imperative sentences καί often means and now, just. Thus, καί μοι ἀνάγνωθι τὸ ψήφισμα and now read me the bill L. 13.35, καί μοι ἀπόκρῑναι just answer me P. A. 25a.

§2926νῦν, νῡνῑ́, νῡ́ν, νύν, νύνύ̆ν (enclitic; lyric, tragic, Herodotus, rare and suspected in Homer), a weakened form of νῦν, is rarely temporal, usually inferential, as now is used for then, therefore. νύν thu…

§2952οὐκοῦν, οὔκουνοὐκοῦν inferential: then, well then, therefore, accordingly (ergo, igitur). Inferential οὐκοῦν was developed, probably in colloquial speech, from the interrogative use, the speaker…

§2959οὖνδ᾽ οὖν but certainly, at all events, anyhow, be that as it may with or without μέν in the preceding clause. Here οὖν shows that an unquestionable fact is to be set forth in its own…

§2987τοίThe inferential conjunctions τοιγάρ, τοιγαροῦν, τοιγάρτοι, τοίνυν contain τοί, the locative of the demonstrative τό, which case had the meaning of τῷ (τῶ) therefore, on this accoun…