Indefinite

Enclitics (from ἐγκλῑ́νω lean on, upon) are words attaching themselves closely to the preceding word, after which they are pronounced rapidly. Enclitics usually lose their accent. They are:

a. The personal pronouns μοῦ, μοί, μέ; σοῦ, σοί, σέ; οὗ, οἷ, ἕ, and (in poetry) σφίσι.

b. The indefinite pronoun τὶς, τὶ in all cases (including τοῦ, τῷ for τινός, τινί, but excluding ἄττα = τινά); the indefinite adverbs πού (or ποθί), πῄ, ποί, ποθέν, ποτέ, πώ, πώς. When used as interrogatives these words are not enclitic (τίς, τί, ποῦ (or πόθι), πῇ, ποῖ, πόθεν, πότε, πῶ, πῶς).

c. All dissyllabic forms of the present indicative of εἰμί am and φημί say (i.e. all except εἶ and φῄς).

d. The particles γέ, τέ, τοί, πέρ; the inseparable -δε in ὅδε, τοσόσδε, etc.

N.—Enclitics, when they retain their accent, are called orthotone. See 187.

Correlative Adverbs.—Adverbs from pronominal stems often correspond in form and meaning. In the list on p. 102 poetic or rare words are in ().

a. The demonstratives in () are foreign to Attic prose except in certain phrases, as καὶ ὥς even thus, οὐδ᾽ (μηδ᾽) ὥς not even thus (cp. 180 c); ἔνθα μὲν . . . ἔνθα δέ here . . . there, ἔνθεν (μέν) καὶ ἔνθεν (δέ) from this side and that. ἔνθα and ἔνθεν are usually relatives, ἔνθα taking the place of οὗ where and οἷ whither, and ἔνθεν of ὅθεν whence.

b. τοτὲ μὲν . . . τοτὲ δέ is synonymous with ποτὲ μὲν . . . ποτὲ δέ.

c. οὖν (339 e) may be added for indefiniteness: ὁπωσοῦν in any way whatever, ὁποθενοῦν from what place soever. ποτέ is often used after interrogatives to give an intensive force, as in τίς ποτε who in the world (as qui tandem); also with negatives, as in οὔποτε never, οὐπώποτε never yet. Other negatives are οὐδαμοῦ nowhere, οὐδαμῇ in no way, οὐδαμῶς in no manner.

The article ὁ, ἣ, τό marks objects as definite and known, whether individuals (the particular article) or classes (the generic article). The context must determine the presence of the generic article.

a. There is no indefinite article in Greek, but a, an is often represented by τὶς (1267).

Enclitics (from ἐγκλῑ́νω lean on, upon) are words attaching themselves closely to the preceding word, after which they are pronounced rapidly. Enclitics usually lose their accent. They are:

a. The personal pronouns μοῦ, μοί, μέ; σοῦ, σοί, σέ; οὗ, οἷ, ἕ, and (in poetry) σφίσι.

b. The indefinite pronoun τὶς, τὶ in all cases (including τοῦ, τῷ for τινός, τινί, but excluding ἄττα = τινά); the indefinite adverbs πού (or ποθί), πῄ, ποί, ποθέν, ποτέ, πώ, πώς. When used as interrogatives these words are not enclitic (τίς, τί, ποῦ (or πόθι), πῇ, ποῖ, πόθεν, πότε, πῶ, πῶς).

c. All dissyllabic forms of the present indicative of εἰμί am and φημί say (i.e. all except εἶ and φῄς).

d. The particles γέ, τέ, τοί, πέρ; the inseparable -δε in ὅδε, τοσόσδε, etc.

N.—Enclitics, when they retain their accent, are called orthotone. See 187.

The indefinite or general relative pronoun ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι whoever (any-who, any-which), any one who, whatever, anything which, inflects each part (ὅς and τὶς) separately. For the accent, see 186.

a. The neuter ὅ τι is sometimes printed ὅ, τι to avoid confusion with the conjunction ὅτι that, because.

b. The shorter forms are rare in prose, but almost universal in poetry (especially ὅτου, ὅτῳ). Inscriptions have almost always ὅτου, ὅτῳ, ἅττα.

c. The plural ἅττα is to be distinguished from ἄττα (334 a).

d. τὶς may be added to ὁπότερος, ὅσος, οἷος (340) to make them more indefinite, as ὁποῖός τις of whatsoever kind.

e. οὖν, δή, or δήποτε may be added to the indefinite pronouns to make them as general as possible, as ὁστισοῦν (or ὅστις οὖν), ἡτισοῦν, ὁτιοῦν any one whatever, any thing whatever, and so ὁποιουσ-τινασ-οῦν, ὁστισ-δή-ποτε, or ὁστισ-δηποτ-οῦν. In these combinations all relative or interrogative force is lost.

f. The uncompounded relatives are often used in an exclamatory sense, and sometimes as indirect interrogatives. Indefinite relatives may be used as indirect interrogatives.