Topic · from the English index · as printed

Indicative mood

endings

§366 bINFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Endings.—The endings in the finite moods (357) show whether the subject is first, second, or third person; and indicate number and voice. See 462 ff. a. The middle has a different …

present and imperfect

§627PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Indicative.—Vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the present by attaching the primary endings (when there are any) to the present stem in -όε (-ώη-). λῡ́ω, τῑμῶ (τῑμά-ω), φαίνω,…

§628PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)-ῃ and -ει are found in the pres. fut. mid. and pass., fut. perf. pass. ε-(σ)αι yields ῃ (written EI in the Old Attic alphabet, 2 a), which is usually given as the proper spelling …

§635CONTRACT VERBSVerbs in -αω, -εω, -οω contract the final α, ε, ο of the verb-stem with the thematic vowel -όε (-ώη) in the present and imperfect tenses. Thus, τῑμάω τῑμῶ, ποιέω ποιῶ, δηλόω δηλῶ; …

§747PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Present Indicative.—a. The primary personal endings are added to the stem with the strong form in the singular and the weak form in the dual and plural. b. In the 2 sing. τίθης, ῑ̔…

§748PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Imperfect.—ἐτίθεις ἐτίθει, ἐδίδουν ἐδίδους ἐδίδου (for ἐδιδων, -ως, -ω) are thematic forms (746 b). For the imperfect of δύναμαι and ἐπίσταμαι see 465 b, N. 1. For the retention of…

future active and middle and future perfect

§658FUTURE ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (532 ff.). FUTURE PERFECT (580 ff.)All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the future alike.

§659FUTURE ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (532 ff.). FUTURE PERFECT (580 ff.)Indicative.—The future active and middle add the primary endings, and are inflected like the present; as λῡ́σω, λῡ́σομαι. On the two endings of the second singular middle, see 628.…

§754THE FUTURESThe futures of verbs in -μι do not differ in formation and inflection from those of verbs in -ω. τίθημι: θήσω, θήσομαι, τεθήσομαι; ἵστημι: στήσω, στήσομαι, σταθήσομαι, ἑστήξω; ῑ̔́η…

future passive

§663FIRST AND SECOND FUTURE PASSIVE (589, 597)All verbs inflect the first and second future passive alike, that is, like the future middle.

§664FIRST AND SECOND FUTURE PASSIVE (589, 597)The indicative adds -μαι to the stem ending in -θησο- or -ησο-, as λυθήσο-μαι, φανή-σο-μαι. For the two forms of the second person singular see 628. The optative adds -ῑ-μην, as λυ…

first aorist active and middle

§665FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (542)All vowel and consonant ω-verbs inflect the first aorist alike.

§666FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (542)Indicative.—The secondary endings of the first aorist active were originally added to the stem ending in -σ-; thus, ἐλῡσṃ, ἐλῡσ-ς, ἐλῡσ-τ, ἐλῡσ-μεν, ἐλῡσ-τε, ἐλῡσ-ντ. From ἐλῡσṃ ca…

§755FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLEThe verbs τίθημι, ῑ̔́ημι, δίδωμι form the singular active of the first aorist in -κ-α, thus, ἔθηκα, ἔδωκα, ἧκα. The forms of the second aorist (756) are generally used in the dual …

first and second aorist passive

§672FIRST AND SECOND AORIST PASSIVE (585, 590)All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the aorists passive alike, that is, according to the μι-conjugation, except in the subjunctive. a. Vowel verbs rarely form second aorist…

§673FIRST AND SECOND AORIST PASSIVE (585, 590)Indicative.—The indicative adds the active secondary endings directly to the tense stem ending in -θη- (first aorist) or -η- (second aorist). The inflection is thus like that of th…

second aorist active

§682SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (546)The indicative is inflected like ἔστην (p. 138); the subjunctive, like δῶ (p. 138). ἔ-γνω-ν ἔ-γνω-μεν γνῶ γνῶ-μεν ἔ-γνω-ς ἔ-γνω-τον ἔ-γνω-τε γνῶ-ς γνῶ-τον γνῶ-τε ἔ-γνω ἐ-γνώ-την ἔ-…

§756SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLEIndicative.—τίθημι, ῑ̔́ημι, δίδωμι use the short grade forms in dual and plural active: ἔ-θε-τον, ἔ-θε-μεν, ἔθε-σαν; εἷ-τον, εἷ-μεν, εἷ-σαν (for ἐ-ἑ-τον, etc.); ἔ-δο-μεν, ἔ-δο-σαν.…

first and second perfect active and pluperfect

§689FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the first perfect alike. Some verbs in -ω inflect the second perfect according to the ω-conjugation, others inflect it according to the …

§690FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)Indicative.—Originally the endings were added to the stem without any thematic vowel. Of this unthematic formation a few traces survive (573). In the 2 p. sing. the ending is -ς, b…

§§702–705SECOND PERFECTS OF THE μι-FORMA few ω-verbs form their second perfects in the dual and plural without α by adding the endings directly to the stem. Herein these forms agree with the second perfect of μι-verbs (…

§762FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT (AND PLUPERFECT) ACTIVEIndicative.—The perfect of τίθημι is τέθηκα. A later form τέθεικα, not found on Attic inscriptions till after 200 B.C. and due to the analogy of εἷκα, still appears in some texts. …

perfect and pluperfect middle and passive

§706PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE AND PASSIVE (574)All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the perfect middle according to the μι-conjugation.

§707PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE AND PASSIVE (574)Indicative.—The perfect middle is inflected by adding the primary middle endings directly to the tense-stem, herein agreeing with the μι-conjugation. The pluperfect adds the second…

§767PERFECT MIDDLE (PASSIVE)τέθειμαι even in composition is rare and is unknown on Attic inscriptions. For the pass. perf. κεῖμαι (791) was used. Doric has τέθεμαι.

In simple sentence

without ἄν

§§1770–1783INDICATIVE WITHOUT ἄνThe indicative mood makes a simple, direct assertion of fact; or asks a question anticipating such an assertion: ἦλθε he came, οὐκ ἦλθε he did not come, ἐλεύσεται he will come, πότ…

of unfulfilled obligation expressed by

§§1774–1779INDICATIVE WITHOUT ἄνUnfulfilled Obligation (Propriety, Possibility).—With the imperfect indicative of impersonal expressions denoting obligation, propriety, necessity, or possibility, the action of a …

unattainable wish expressed by

§§1780–1782INDICATIVE WITHOUT ἄνUnattainable Wish.—A wish, referring to the present or past, which cannot be realized, is expressed by a past tense of the indicative with εἴθε or with εἰ γάρ (negative μή). The im…

in other than simple sentence

§1783INDICATIVE WITHOUT ἄνThe indicative is also used in other than simple sentences: in final sentences (2203); in object sentences after verbs of effort (2211), of caution (2220 a), of fearing (2231, 2233…

in simple sentence, with ἄν

§§1784–1794INDICATIVE WITH ἄνPast Potential.—The past tenses (usually the aorist, less commonly the imperfect) of the indicative with ἄν (κέν) denote past potentiality, probability (cautious statement), or nec…

§2349MODIFICATIONS OF THE PROTASISOmission of the Protasis.—The potential optative, and the indicative, with ἄν stand in independent sentences; in many cases a protasis may be supplied either from the context or ge…

unreal

§§1786–1789INDICATIVE WITH ἄνUnreal Indicative.—The indicative of the historical tenses with ἄν (κέν) may denote unreality: τότε δ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμ᾽ ἂν ἐκρῑ́νετο ἐφ᾽ αὑτοῦ but the case would then have been decid…

iterative

§§1790–1792INDICATIVE WITH ἄνIterative Indicative (repeated action).—The imperfect and aorist with ἄν are used to express repeated or customary past action (post-Homeric): διηρώτων ἄν I used to ask P. A. 22b, …

tenses, their use

§§1875–1965PRESENT INDICATIVEThe present represents a present state, or an action going on at the present time: ἀληθῆ λέγω I am telling the truth L. 13.72. a. On the present without any idea of duration, see 1…

assimilation to

§2185ASSIMILATION OF MOODSAssimilation to the Indicative.—The subordinate clause takes a past tense of the indicative in dependence on a past tense of the indicative (or its equivalent) denoting unreality. …

§2205PURPOSE CLAUSES (FINAL CLAUSES)By assimilation of mood, final clauses may take a past tense of the indicative without ἄν (2185 c) or the optative without ἄν (2186 c.)

in purpose clause with ὅπως, etc.

§2203PURPOSE CLAUSES (FINAL CLAUSES)The future indicative is used, especially in poetry, after ὅπως (rarely after ὡς, ὄφρα, and μή) in the same sense as the subjunctive. οὐδὲ δι᾽ ἓν ἄλλο τρέφονται ἢ ὅπως μαχοῦνται no…

in object clauses after verbs of effort

§§2211–2213OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF EFFORTObject clauses after verbs of effort take the future indicative with ὅπως after primary and secondary tenses (rarely the optative after secondary tenses, 2212). ἐπιμελοῦμαι ὅπως τα…

§2218OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF EFFORTVerbs of will or desire signifying to ask, command, entreat, exhort , and forbid, which usually have an infinitive as their object, may take ὅπως (ὅπως μή) with the future indicati…

§2219OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF EFFORTDawes' Canon.—The rule formulated by Dawes and afterwards extended (that the first aorist subjunctive active and middle after ὅπως, ὅπως μή, and οὐ μή is incorrect and should be em…

after verbs of fearing and caution

§2220VERBS OF CAUTIONVerbs of caution (2210 b, 2224 a) have, in negative clauses, the construction either of a. Verbs of effort, and take ὅπως μή with the future indicative: εὐλαβούμενοι ὅπως μὴ . . . …

§2229I. FEAR RELATING TO THE FUTUREThe future is rare with verbs of fearing after μή. φοβοῦμαι δὲ μή τινας ἡδονᾱ̀ς ἡδοναῖς εὑρήσομεν ἐναντίᾱς and I apprehend that we shall find some pleasures opposite to other pleas…

§2231I. FEAR RELATING TO THE FUTUREὅπως μή with the future indicative (as after verbs of effort) is sometimes used instead of μή with the subjunctive. δέδοικα ὅπως μὴ . . . ἀνάγκη γενήσεται (v. l. γένηται) I fear le…

§2233II. FEAR RELATING TO THE PRESENT OR PASTFear that something actually is or was is expressed by μή with the indicative (negative μὴ οὐ). δέδοικα . . . μὴ πληγῶν δέει I fear that you need a beating Ar. Nub. 493, ἀλλ᾽ ὅρᾱ μ…

in causal clauses

§§2241–2243CAUSAL CLAUSESCausal clauses denoting a fact regularly take the indicative after primary and secondary tenses. ἐπεὶ δὲ ῡ̔μεῖς οὐ βούλεσθε συμπορεύεσθαι, ἀνάγκη δή μοι ἢ ῡ̔μᾶς προδόντα τῇ Κῡ́ρου …

in result clauses, with ὥστε (ὡς)

§§2251–2259RESULT CLAUSES (CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES)There are two main forms of result clauses: ὥστε with the infinitive and ὥστε with a finite verb. With the infinitive, the negative is generally μή; with a finite verb, οὐ. On the …

§§2273–2278ὥστε (ὡς) WITH A FINITE VERBAny form used in simple sentences may follow ὥστε (rarely ὡς) with a finite verb. ὥστε has no effect on the mood of a finite verb. a. ὡς is found especially in Xenophon.

after ἐφ’ ᾧ, ἐφ’ ᾧτε

§2279CLAUSES WITH ἐφ᾽ ᾧ AND ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε INTRODUCING A PROVISOἐφ᾽ ᾧ and ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε on condition that, for the purpose of take the infinitive or (less often) the future indicative, and may be introduced, in the principal clause, by the demonstrat…

in simple present or past conditions

§§2298–2301First Form of Conditions: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONSSimple present or past conditions simply state a supposition with no implication as to its reality or probability. The protasis has the indicative, the apodosis has commonly the in…

in present or past unreal conditions

§§2302–2320Second Form of Conditions: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONSIn present and past unreal conditions the protasis implies that the supposition cannot or could not be realized because contrary to a known fact. The apodosis states what would be …

in future conditions

§§2323–2328Third Form of Conditions: MORE VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONSMore vivid future conditions have in the protasis ἐᾱ́ν (ἤν, ᾱ̓́ν) with the subjunctive; in the apodosis, the future indicative or any other form referring to future time. ἐᾱ̀ν ταῦτ…

in general conditions

§§2336–2342GENERAL CONDITIONSAny simple or unreal condition of present or past time, or any future condition, may refer to a customary or frequently repeated act or to a general truth. But for the present and …

as apodosis to protasis and apodosis combined

§2353PROTASIS AND APODOSIS COMBINEDεἰ and ἄν both in Protasis.—The potential optative with ἄν or the unreal indicative with ἄν, standing as the apodosis in the conditional clause with εἰ, is the apodosis of another …

in apodosis of conditions of type εἰ with optative

§§2359–2362εἰ with the Optative, Apodosis a primary tense of the Indicative, etc.εἰ with the optative (instead of ἐᾱ́ν with the subjunctive) is not infrequent in the protasis with a primary tense of the indicative, a subjunctive, or an imperative, in the apodos…

in temporal clauses

§§2394–2398TEMPORAL CLAUSESWhen the time is definite, the indicative is used; when indefinite, the subjunctive with ἄν, the optative, or (rarely) the indicative. Temporal conjunctions with the subjunctive ta…

§2406FUTURE TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH THE OPTATIVEThe potential optative or indicative (with ἄν) having its proper force may appear in temporal clauses (cp. 2353). φυλάξᾱς . . . τὸν χειμῶν᾽ ἐπιχειρεῖ, ἡνίκ᾽ ἂν ἡμεῖς μὴ δυναίμεθ᾽ ἐ…

§2413TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN GENERIC SENTENCESThe present indicative is very rarely used instead of the subjunctive with ἄν in temporal clauses of indefinite frequency. Thus, περὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ἀδικούντων, ὅτε (ὅτου conj.) δικ…

§2417TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN GENERIC SENTENCESThe indicative (cp. 2342) is rare in temporal clauses of past indefinite frequency, as καὶ ᾖδον καὶ ἐχόρευον ὁπότε οἱ πολέμιοι αὐτοὺς ὄψεσθαι ἔμελλον they both sang and danced when…

§2422ἕως so long as, while: Temporal Limit as to Duration (during the time when)Indicative, when the action of the temporal clause denotes definite duration in the present or past. The present often connotes cause (while, now that, because). The imperfect is u…

§2425ἕως until, till: Temporal Limit as to Termination (up to the time when)Indicative, of a definite present or past action. The present connotes cause. The aorist is normally used of past action: the main verb is usually imperfect, but the aorist occurs …

with πρίν

§§2430–2442GENERAL RULE FOR πρίν BEFORE, UNTILπρίν is construed like other conjunctions meaning until except that it takes the infinitive as well as the indicative, subjunctive, and optative.

with πρότερον ἤ

§2458πρότερον ἤ, πρόσθεν ἤ, πρὶν ἤ, πάροςπρότερον ἤ sooner than, before is used especially in Herodotus and Thucydides. (a) With the indicative: οὐ πρότερον ἐνέδοσαν ἢ αὐτοὶ ἐν σφίσιν αὐτοῖς . . . ἐσφάλησαν they did not s…

with πρὶν ἤ

§2460πρότερον ἤ, πρόσθεν ἤ, πρὶν ἤ, πάροςπρὶν ἤ sooner than, before with the infinitive occurs in Homer (only E 288, X 266) and Hdt. (2. 2); and in Hdt. also with the indicative (6. 45) and subjunctive (7. 10 η, without ἄ…

ordinary use, in relative clauses

§2545USE OF THE MOODS IN RELATIVE CLAUSESThe ordinary uses of the moods in relative clauses are as follows: a. The present and past tenses of the indicative without ἄν express a fact or the assumption of a fact. The futur…

in ordinary relative clauses

§2553CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESOrdinary Relative Clauses define more exactly a definite antecedent, and show the mood and the negative of simple sentences. Indicative: ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ἃ ἐγὼ δέομαι this is what I wan…

in consecutive relative clauses

§2556CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESRelative Clauses of Result (Consecutive Relative Clauses) usually take the indicative (for οἷος, ὅσος with the infinitive see 2497). The negative is οὐ when the relative clause app…

§2557CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESThe indicative is normal in consecutive relative clauses introduced by οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις (οὐ), οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅστις (οὐ), οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως (οὐ), εἰσὶν οἵ, ἔστιν οἷς, etc. οὐκ ἔστιν οὐδεὶ…

in relative clauses to express intended result

§2558CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESThe future indicative is often used to express an intended result (negative μή). ἀνόητον ἐπὶ τοιούτους ἰέναι ὧν κρατήσᾱς μὴ κατασχήσει τις it is senseless to attack men of such a k…

in relative clauses denoting what is to be expected of the subject

§2559CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESThe future indicative is especially common when the main clause contains an idea of ability, capacity, or characteristic, and the relative clause denotes what is to be expected of …

in simple present or past conditional relative clauses

§2562First Form: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONAL RELATIVESSimple present and past conditional relative clauses have the present or past indicative. The main clause has the indicative or any other form of the simple sentence (cp. 2298, 230…

§2563First Form: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PAST CONDITIONAL RELATIVESIf the relative clause expresses a present intention or necessity, the future indicative may be used. ἐν τούτῳ κεκωλῦσθαι (1950) ἐδόκει ἑκάστῳ τὰ πρᾱ́γματα ᾧ μή τις αὐτὸς παρέσται …

in general conditional relative clauses

§§2569–2572INDICATIVE FORM OF GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVE CLAUSESThe present indicative instead of the subjunctive with ἄν occurs in general conditional relative clauses (cp. 2342). This occurs chiefly after ὅστις, which is itself sufficiently g…

in indirect discourse

§§2599–2615GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE(II) After secondary tenses, primary tenses of the indicative and all subjunctives may be changed to the same tense of the optative; but an indicative denoting unreality (with or w…

§§2617–2621COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWhen a complex sentence passes into indirect discourse, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple sentence and stands either in a finite mood (after ὅτι or ὡς) or in …

§2623REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEPast Tenses in Indirect Discourse.—The following rules govern past tenses in indirect discourse. a. The potential indicative with ἄν, the indicative in a condition denoting unreali…

§2624REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEInserted Statement of Fact.—When the present or perfect indicative would have stood in the direct discourse, a past tense of historical narration is often used as a statement of fa…

§2629 aREMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEAn optative dependent on ὅτι (ὡς) may be followed, in a parenthetical or appended clause (often introduced by γάρ or οὖν), by an independent optative, which is used as if it itself…

in direct questions

§2662 aMOODS IN DIRECT QUESTIONSThe moods used in direct questions are the same as those used in statements. a. Indicative (examples in 2642): sometimes in a past tense with ἄν, as πῶς δὲ πάντες ἐζήλουν ἂν τοὺς τ…

in indirect questions

§§2677–2679MOODS IN INDIRECT QUESTIONSThe moods and tenses of indirect questions follow the same rules as govern clauses in indirect discourse. The person may be changed. After primary tenses, the mood and tense of the…

in exclamation sentence

§2686EXCLAMATORY SENTENCESDependent exclamatory clauses follow, as regards mood and tense, the same rules as govern indirect questions (2677). An original indicative remains unchanged after primary tenses o…

οὐ with

§§2703–2705SIMPLE SENTENCES AND INDEPENDENT CLAUSESStatements (2153) expressed by simple sentences and independent clauses take οὐ. Direct questions take either οὐ or μή (2651). The independent future indicative has μή only in ques…

μή and μὴ οὐ with

§2752μή AND μὴ οὐ WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE AND INDICATIVEμή and μὴ οὐ are used with the indicative in doubtful assertions (1772). In questions with μὴ οὐ the οὐ belongs to a single word (2651 d). On ὅπως μή, ὅπως μὴ οὐ with the future, s…