Indirect

§920SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCETransitive and Intransitive Verbs.—Verbs capable of taking a direct object are called transitive because their action passes over to an object Other verbs are called intransitive. …

§1454DATIVEWith many intransitive verbs the dative is the sole complement. With transitive verbs it is the indirect complement (dative of the indirect or remoter object, usually a person); th…

§§1469–1473DATIVE AS INDIRECT COMPLEMENT OF VERBSMany verbs take the dative as the indirect object together with an accusative as the direct object. The indirect object is commonly introduced in English by to. Κῦρος δίδωσιν αὐτῷ …

§1862THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEOptative (in indirect discourse).—When the optative in indirect discourse represents the indicative after a past tense of a verb of saying or thinking, each tense does denote time …

§1863THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEa. Present opt. = present indic.: ἀνηρώτᾱ τί βούλοιντο he demanded what they wanted ( = τί βούλεσθε;) X. A. 2.3.4. b. Present opt. = imperf. indic.: διηγοῦντο ὅτι ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίου…

§1866THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEInfinitive (in indirect discourse).—The tenses of the infinitive in indirect discourse denote the same time relative to that of the leading verb (present, past, or future) as was d…

§1867THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEa. Present = pres. indic.: φημὶ ταῦτα μὲν φλυᾱρίᾱς εἶναι I say this is nonsense ( = ἐστί) X. A. 1.3.18. b. Present = imperf. indic: Κτησίᾱς ῑ̓ᾶσθαι αὐτὸς τὸ τραῦμά φησι Ktesias ass…

§§2016–2024INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe infinitive is used as the object of verbs of saying and thinking. Such infinitives denote both time and stage of action (cp. 1866). a. The finite verb of a sentence placed in d…

§2576DEPENDENT STATEMENTSDependent statements, or subordinate clauses stating that something is, are expressed in various ways: 1. By an infinitive, with or without an accusative (explained in 1972 ff., 20…

§2579DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςSome verbs of saying are followed either by ὅτι or ὡς or by an infinitive (2017). In most cases the choice is optional with the writer. Affirmative clauses usually take the infinit…

§2580DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςVerbs of thinking almost always take the infinitive (2018) but ὡς occurs; as with νομίζω T. 3.88 (2579), ἐλπίζω 5. 9, οἴομαι X. H. 6.3.12, ὑπολαμβάνω X. C. 8.3.40. ὅτι is very rare…

§26162. Infinitive and ParticipleThe infinitive and participle are used in indirect discourse to represent the finite verb of direct discourse. ὑπώπτευον ἐπὶ βασιλέᾱ ἰέναι they suspected that they were to go again…

§2617COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWhen a complex sentence passes into indirect discourse, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple sentence and stands either in a finite mood (after ὅτι or ὡς) or in …

§1868THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEThe construction of verbs of hoping, etc.—Verbs signifying to hope, expect, promise, threaten, swear, with some others of like meaning, when they refer to a future event, take eith…

§1999A. Object Infinitive after Verbs of Will or DesireVerbs signifying to hope, expect, promise, threaten , and swear, when followed by the aorist (less often the present) infinitive (1868), have the construction of verbs of will or d…

§2024INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs signifying to hope, expect, promise, threaten , and swear take the future infinitive in indirect discourse, and the aorist (less often the present) infinitive not in indirect…

§1869THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEVerbs of will or desire (1991) regularly take the present or aorist infinitive not in indirect discourse; but in some cases we find the future infinitive by assimilation to indirec…

§1874THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEParticiple (in indirect discourse). The tenses of the participle in indirect discourse after verbs of intellectual perception denote the same time relative to that of the leading v…

§2092THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLEThe supplementary participle after certain verbs represents a dependent statement. In ἤκουσε Κῦρον ἐν Κιλικίᾳ ὄντα he heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia ὄντα stands for ἐστί, what was…

§2093THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLEAccordingly, from this point of view, the uses of the supplementary participle are two: (1) not in indirect discourse, and (2) in indirect discourse. a. Some verbs take the partici…

§§2106–2145THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of Knowing and Showing.—After verbs signifying to know, be ignorant of, learn (not learn of), remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and announce, the participle…

§2576DEPENDENT STATEMENTSDependent statements, or subordinate clauses stating that something is, are expressed in various ways: 1. By an infinitive, with or without an accusative (explained in 1972 ff., 20…

§26162. Infinitive and ParticipleThe infinitive and participle are used in indirect discourse to represent the finite verb of direct discourse. ὑπώπτευον ἐπὶ βασιλέᾱ ἰέναι they suspected that they were to go again…

§2617COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWhen a complex sentence passes into indirect discourse, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple sentence and stands either in a finite mood (after ὅτι or ὡς) or in …

§§2016–2022INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe infinitive is used as the object of verbs of saying and thinking. Such infinitives denote both time and stage of action (cp. 1866). a. The finite verb of a sentence placed in d…

§2577DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςThe conjunctions ὅτι or ὡς that introduce dependent statements in the indicative and optative After verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving, showing, etc. After verbs of emotion (rejo…

§2579DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςSome verbs of saying are followed either by ὅτι or ὡς or by an infinitive (2017). In most cases the choice is optional with the writer. Affirmative clauses usually take the infinit…

§2580DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςVerbs of thinking almost always take the infinitive (2018) but ὡς occurs; as with νομίζω T. 3.88 (2579), ἐλπίζω 5. 9, οἴομαι X. H. 6.3.12, ὑπολαμβάνω X. C. 8.3.40. ὅτι is very rare…

§2589INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe words or thoughts of a person may be quoted in direct or indirect form after verbs, or other expressions, of saying or thinking. a. In reporting a speech, in making a quotation…

§2592INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression. a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infiniti…

§2018INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of thinking almost always take the infinitive. Such are: think ἡγοῦμαι, οἴομαι, δοκῶ, νομίζω; hope ἐλπίζω; suppose ὑπολαμβάνω; suspect ὑποπτεύω; guess εἰκάζω; feel confident …

§§2110–2112CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGVerbs of Perception.—Verbs signifying to see, perceive, hear, learn (i.e. learn by inquiry, hear of), when they denote physical (actual) perception take the participle. When they d…

§2577DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςThe conjunctions ὅτι or ὡς that introduce dependent statements in the indicative and optative After verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving, showing, etc. After verbs of emotion (rejo…

§2592INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression. a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infiniti…

§2020INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEAn original οὐ of direct discourse is generally, an original μή is always, retained in indirect discourse. But in some cases οὐ becomes μή (2723 ff.).

§2608GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe same negative (οὐ or μή) used in the direct discourse is commonly kept in the indirect form. But in some cases with the infinitive and participle μή takes the place of οὐ (2723…

§2710NEGATIVES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe negatives of direct discourse are retained in indirect discourse introduced by ὅτι or ὡς. ἐνθῡμηθῆναι χρὴ ὅτι οὐδείς ἐστιν ἀνθρώπων φύσει οὔτε ὀλιγαρχικὸς οὔτε δημοκρατικός it …

§2023INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe infinitive with ἄν represents an indicative with ἄν or a potential optative with ἄν. See 1846, 1848, 1849, 2270.

§§2106–2109THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of Knowing and Showing.—After verbs signifying to know, be ignorant of, learn (not learn of), remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and announce, the participle…

§2577DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςThe conjunctions ὅτι or ὡς that introduce dependent statements in the indicative and optative After verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving, showing, etc. After verbs of emotion (rejo…

§2592INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression. a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infiniti…

§2113CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGVerbs of Finding.—Verbs of finding and detecting (εὑρίσκω, (κατα)λαμβάνω; pass. ἁλίσκομαι) in their capacity as verbs of perceiving take the participle (a) not in indirect discours…

§2114CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGIt is often difficult to distinguish the two constructions of 2113. Thus, καταλαμβάνουσι νεωστὶ στάσει τοὺς τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἐναντίους ἐκπεπτωκότας (T. 7.33) may mean they found that t…

§2119OMISSION OF ὤνὤν may be omitted with verbs taking a supplementary participle; so with verbs meaning to perceive (2111 ff.), know, show, announce, find, discover, etc.; especially with φαίνομαι, …

§§2120–2122Ὡς WITH A PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEὡς is often used with a participle in indirect discourse to mark the mental attitude of the subject of the main verb or of some other person mentioned prominently in the sentence (…

§§2123–2145VERBS TAKING EITHER THE PARTICIPLE OR THE INFINITIVESome verbs admit either the supplementary participle or the infinitive, sometimes with only a slight difference in meaning. Cases where the difference is marked are given below. (M…

§2582DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςMany verbs take ὅτι (ὡς) or the participle either in indirect discourse or not in indirect discourse (2106-2115). Here the construction with the finite verb is less dependent than …

§2235OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS WITH VERBS OF FEARINGIn Indirect Discourse with ὡς (rarely ὅπως) that.—Verbs of fearing may have the construction of verbs of thinking and be followed by a dependent statement. This occurs regularly on…

§2269ὥστε (RARELY ὡς) WITH THE INFINITIVEA result clause with ὥστε and the indicative, dependent on an infinitive in indirect discourse, and itself quoted, takes the infinitive, and usually retains the negative of the dir…

§2270ὥστε (RARELY ὡς) WITH THE INFINITIVEἄν with the infinitive expressing possibility, and representing either a potential indicative or a potential optative, occasionally follows ὥστε (ὡς). a. Not in indirect discourse:…

§2446πρίν WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVEAfter a secondary tense in actual or implied indirect discourse, πρίν with the subjunctive and ἄν is common instead of the optative without ἄν (2449). εἶπον μηδένα τῶν ὄπισθεν κῑνε…

§2448πρίν WITH THE OPTATIVEπρίν with the optative is used only in indirect discourse or by assimilation to another optative.

§2449πρίν WITH THE OPTATIVE(I) The optative without ἄν follows πρίν to denote an action anticipated in the past when the principal clause is negative and its verb is in a secondary tense. The optative is her…

§§2576–2588DEPENDENT STATEMENTSDependent statements, or subordinate clauses stating that something is, are expressed in various ways: 1. By an infinitive, with or without an accusative (explained in 1972 ff., 20…

§2017INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of saying are e.g.: say φημί, φάσκω, λέγω; confess ὁμολογῶ; promise ὑπισχνοῦμαι, ὑποδέχομαι, ἐπαγγέλλομαι, ὑφίσταμαι; pretend προσποιοῦμαι; swear ὄμνῡμι; deny ἀπαρνοῦμαι; gai…

§2018INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of thinking almost always take the infinitive. Such are: think ἡγοῦμαι, οἴομαι, δοκῶ, νομίζω; hope ἐλπίζω; suppose ὑπολαμβάνω; suspect ὑποπτεύω; guess εἰκάζω; feel confident …

§2110CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGVerbs of Perception.—Verbs signifying to see, perceive, hear, learn (i.e. learn by inquiry, hear of), when they denote physical (actual) perception take the participle. When they d…

§2123VERBS TAKING EITHER THE PARTICIPLE OR THE INFINITIVESome verbs admit either the supplementary participle or the infinitive, sometimes with only a slight difference in meaning. Cases where the difference is marked are given below. (M…

§26141. Indicative and Optative after ὅτι or ὡςAfter primary tenses, the verb of the direct form remains unchanged in mood and tense. λέγει δ᾽ ὡς ὑβριστής εἰμι he says that I am an insolent person L. 24.15 ( = ὑβριστὴς εἶ), ἀλλ…

§26151. Indicative and Optative after ὅτι or ὡςAfter secondary tenses, an indicative without ἄν usually becomes optative, but may be retained unchanged. An indicative with ἄν and an optative with ἄν are retained. a. Optative fo…

§2617COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWhen a complex sentence passes into indirect discourse, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple sentence and stands either in a finite mood (after ὅτι or ὡς) or in …

§2591INDIRECT DISCOURSE(II) Indirect Discourse (Oratio Obliqua). In an indirect quotation the words or thoughts are given at second hand with certain modifications to indicate that the words or thoughts …

§2593INDIRECT DISCOURSEIndirect discourse is said to be implied in subordinate clauses dependent on verbs which involve an idea of saying or thinking (2622).

§2622IMPLIED INDIRECT DISCOURSEIndirect discourse is implied in the case of any subordinate clause, which, though not depending formally on a verb of saying or thinking, contains the past thought of another pers…

§2594INDIRECT DISCOURSEA speaker may state his own words or thoughts in the form of indirect discourse. Cp. 2614, 2615, etc.

§2595INDIRECT DISCOURSEClauses standing in indirect discourse are substantive clauses, and usually object of the leading verb; its subject, when that verb is passive or intransitive. The infinitive in su…

§§2597–2613GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSESimple and compound sentences, and principal clauses of complex sentences, introduced by ὅτι or ὡς are treated as follows:

§§2597–2600GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSESimple and compound sentences, and principal clauses of complex sentences, introduced by ὅτι or ὡς are treated as follows:

§§2614–26161. Indicative and Optative after ὅτι or ὡςAfter primary tenses, the verb of the direct form remains unchanged in mood and tense. λέγει δ᾽ ὡς ὑβριστής εἰμι he says that I am an insolent person L. 24.15 ( = ὑβριστὴς εἶ), ἀλλ…

§§2601–2605GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSESubordinate clauses of complex sentences introduced by ὅτι or ὡς are treated as follows:

§§2617–2621COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWhen a complex sentence passes into indirect discourse, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple sentence and stands either in a finite mood (after ὅτι or ὡς) or in …

§2612GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe imperative is commonly replaced in indirect discourse by a periphrasis with χρῆναι. Cp. 2633 b.

§2633REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe idea conveyed by an imperative or a hortatory (or even deliberative) subjunctive of direct discourse may be set forth in the infinitive by a statement as to what ought to be. a…

§2623REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEPast Tenses in Indirect Discourse.—The following rules govern past tenses in indirect discourse. a. The potential indicative with ἄν, the indicative in a condition denoting unreali…

§2624REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEInserted Statement of Fact.—When the present or perfect indicative would have stood in the direct discourse, a past tense of historical narration is often used as a statement of fa…

§2625REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEAn optative with or without ἄν is regularly retained after ὅτι (ὡς). ἐδίδασκον ὡς . . . συνεστρατεύοντο ὅποι ἡγοῖντο they showed that they always followed them in their campaigns w…

§2626REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEIn some cases the optative with ἄν in temporal and relative sentences is used to represent the subjunctive with ἄν; but many scholars expel ἄν. παρήγγειλαν αὐτοῖς μὴ πρότερον ἐπιτί…

§2627REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEAn optative occasioned by indirect discourse may stand after a primary tense when it is implied that the thought quoted has been expressed in the past. λέγει ὁ λόγος ὅτι Νεοπτόλεμο…

§2628REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEIndirect discourse may be introduced by ὅτι (ὡς) and then pass into the infinitive as if the introductory verb had required the infinitive. ἡ δὲ ἀπεκρῑ́νατο ὅτι βούλοιτο μὲν ἅπαντα…

§2628 aREMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEIndirect discourse may be introduced by ὅτι (ὡς) and then pass into the infinitive as if the introductory verb had required the infinitive. ἡ δὲ ἀπεκρῑ́νατο ὅτι βούλοιτο μὲν ἅπαντα…

§2628 bREMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEIndirect discourse may be introduced by ὅτι (ὡς) and then pass into the infinitive as if the introductory verb had required the infinitive. ἡ δὲ ἀπεκρῑ́νατο ὅτι βούλοιτο μὲν ἅπαντα…

§2629REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEAn optative dependent on ὅτι (ὡς) may be followed, in a parenthetical or appended clause (often introduced by γάρ or οὖν), by an independent optative, which is used as if it itself…

§2629 aREMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEAn optative dependent on ὅτι (ὡς) may be followed, in a parenthetical or appended clause (often introduced by γάρ or οὖν), by an independent optative, which is used as if it itself…

§2630REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEAn infinitive in indirect discourse may follow a sentence which merely involves the idea of indirect statement. ὁ δὲ αὐτοὺς εἰς Λακεδαίμονα ἐκέλευεν ἰέναι· οὐ γὰρ εἶναι κῡ́ριος αὐτ…

§2631REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEIn subordinate temporal and relative clauses the infinitive is often used for the indicative or optative by attraction to an infinitive standing in the principal clause after a ver…

§2632REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEFor the sake of variation, a mood of the direct form may be used in the same sentence with a mood of the indirect. The main verb may be kept in the direct form, while the subordina…

§2633REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe idea conveyed by an imperative or a hortatory (or even deliberative) subjunctive of direct discourse may be set forth in the infinitive by a statement as to what ought to be. a…

§2634REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSELong sentences (and even some short complex sentences), or a series of sentences, in indirect discourse depending on a single verb of saying or thinking, are uncongenial to the ani…

§§2685–2687EXCLAMATORY SENTENCESIndirect (dependent) exclamations form subordinate clauses in sentences which, taken as a whole, are statements (2575. 4). They are introduced by οἷος, ὅσος, οἵως, ὡς, οἷ, ἵνα. The…

§339 fPRONOUNSThe indefinite or general relative pronoun ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι whoever (any-who, any-which), any one who, whatever, anything which, inflects each part (ὅς and τὶς) separately. For th…

§340PRONOUNSCorrelative Pronouns.—Many pronominal adjectives correspond to each other in form and meaning. In the following list poetic or rare forms are placed in (). Interrogative: Relative …

§346ADVERBSCorrelative Adverbs.—Adverbs from pronominal stems often correspond in form and meaning. In the list on p. 102 poetic or rare words are in (). a. The demonstratives in () are forei…

§1263THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNSThe interrogatives (pronouns and adverbs, 340, 346) are used in direct and in indirect questions. In indirect questions the indefinite relatives ὅστις, etc., are generally used ins…

§§2663–2674INDIRECT (DEPENDENT) QUESTIONSIndirect questions are introduced by interrogative pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs, indefinite relative pronouns and adverbs (340, 346), or by certain interrogative particles (26…

§§1719–1722MIDDLE VOICEThe Indirect Reflexive Middle represents the subject as acting for himself, with reference to himself, or with something belonging to himself. Self is often here the indirect objec…

§1730MIDDLE VOICEDeponent verbs are either direct or indirect middles; direct: ὑπισχνεῖσθαι undertake, promise (lit. hold oneself under); indirect: κτᾶσθαι acquire for oneself, ἀγωνίζεσθαι contend …

§§1225–1229THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUNSIndirect Reflexives.—The reflexive pronouns are used indirectly when, in a dependent clause, they refer to the subject of the main clause. Ὀρέστης ἔπεισεν Ἀθηναίους ἑαυτὸν κατάγειν…

§1194THE PERSONAL PRONOUNSThe nominative of the pronoun of the third person is replaced by ἐκεῖνος (of absent persons), ὅδε, οὗτος (of present persons), ὁ μέν . . . ὁ δέ (at the beginning of a sentence), an…

§1195THE PERSONAL PRONOUNSHomer uses ἕο, οἷ, etc., as personal pronouns ( = αὐτοῦ, αὐτῷ, etc., in Attic), in which case they are enclitic: διὰ μαντοσύνην, τήν οἱ πόρε Φοῖβος by the art of divination, which …