Lengthening

§28, 28 DVOWEL CHANGEDifference in quantity between Attic and Epic words is due chiefly either to (1) metrical lengthening, or to (2) different phonetic treatment, as καλϝός, τινϝω become Epic κᾱλός fa…

§503 DFIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSPresent Stems in -εόε- for ευόε-.—The strong form ευ before the thematic vowel became εϝ (ευ) and then ε (20 a, 43) in the verbs θέω run θεύσομαι, νέω swim ἔνευσα, πλέω sail ἔπλευσ…

§703 DSECOND PERFECTS OF THE μι-FORMThe second perfect δέδια I fear usually has the forms of the first perfect δέδοικα in the singular, less frequently in the plural. Perfect Pluperfect Subjunctive δέδοικα or δέδια ἐ…

§768 DIRREGULAR MI-VERBSεἰμί (ἐσ-, cp. Lat. es-se) am has only the present and future systems. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Indicative Sing. 1 εἰμί ὦ εἴην ἦ or ἦν 2 εἶ ᾖς ε…

§29VOWEL CHANGEThe initial short vowel of a word forming the second part of a compound is often lengthened: στρατηγός general (στρατός army + ἄγειν to lead 887 d).

§887LAST PART OF A COMPOUNDNouns beginning with ᾰ, ε, ο lengthen these vowels (ᾰ and ε to η, ο to ω) unless they are long by position. στρατ-ηγός army-leading, general (στρατός, ἄγω), εὐ-ήνεμος with fair win…

§37COMPENSATORY LENGTHENINGCompensatory lengthening is the lengthening of a short vowel to make up for the omission of a consonant. The short vowels α ε ι ο υ are lengthened to ᾱ ει ῑ ου ῡ Thus the forms τάν…

§38COMPENSATORY LENGTHENINGᾱ arises from αι upon the loss of its ι (43) in ᾱ̓εί always (from αἰεί), ᾱ̓ετός eagle (αἰετός), κλᾱ́ει weeps (κλαίει), ἐλᾱ́ᾱ olive-tree (ἐλαίᾱ, cp. Lat. oliva). a. This change took…

§90 DCONSONANTS BEFORE Nλν becomes λλ in ὄλλῡμι destroy for ὀλ-νῡμι. λν is kept in πίλναμαι approach. On sigma before ν see 105. Aeolic βόλλα council, attic βουλή and Doric βωλᾱ́ (with compensatory length…

§100CONSONANTS BEFORE Σντ, νδ, νθ before ς form νσς (98), then νς, finally ν is dropped and the preceding vowel is lengthened (37). πᾶσι all for πανσ-σι out of παντ-σι, τιθεῖσι placing for τιθενσ-σι out …

§105Σ BEFORE CONSONANTSς before μ or ν usually disappears with compensatory lengthening (37) as in εἰμί for ἐσ-μι. But σμ stays if μ belongs to a suffix and in compounds of δυσ- ill: δυσ-μενής hostile. a…

§242FORMATION OF CASES: NOMINATIVE SINGULARMasculine and feminine stems ending in ν, ρ, and ς reject ς and lengthen a preceding vowel if short (ε to η, ο to ω). δαίμων divinity δαίμον-ος, χειμών winter χειμῶν-ος, λιμήν harb…

§250 aDATIVE DUAL AND PLURALThe dative plural adds -σι to the stem. Ἄραψ (Ἀραβ-) Ἄραψι, μάστῐξ (μαστῑγ-) μάστιξι, φύλαξ (φυλακ-) φύλαξι, σῶμα (σωματ-) σώμασι (98), ἐλπίς (ἐλπιδ-) ἐλπίσι (98), ὄρνῑς (ὀρνῑθ-) ὄ…

§519III. LIQUID AND NASAL STEMS(III) Presents in -εινω, -ειρω, -ῑνω, -ῑρω, -ῡνω, and -ῑρω are formed from stems in εν, ερ, ῐν, ῐρ, ῠν, ῠρ with ι̯όε- added. Here ι̯ disappears and the vowel preceding ν or ρ is le…

§544(FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)Liquid Verbs.—Verb-stems ending in λ, μ, ν, ρ lose ς and lengthen their vowel in compensation (37): α to η (after ι or ρ to ᾱ), ε to ει, ῐ to ῑ, ῠ to ῡ. φαίνω (φαν-) show, ἔφηνα fo…

§314COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESAdjectives in -ος with a short penult lengthen ο to ω: ϝέο-ς new, ϝεώ-τερος, νεώ-τατος, χαλεπό-ς difficult, χαλεπώ-τερος, χαλεπώ-τατος. An undue succession of short syllables is th…

§374 N.STEMSThe verb-stem may also show modifications in quantity, as present λῡ́-ω loose, perfect λέ-λῠ-κα. N.—Various causes produce this variation. λῡ́ω has ῡ from analogy to λῡ́-σω, ἔ-λῡ-σ…

§475 aCHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMVariation in Quantity.—Many verbs of the first class (498 ff.) show variation in the quantity of the vowel of the verb-stem, which is commonly long in the present but fluctuates in…

§484CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMη, α in the Second Perfect.—In the second perfect ᾰ of the verb-stem is lengthened to η (ᾱ): θάλλω (θαλ-) bloom, τέθηλα; φαίνω (φαν-) show, πέφηνα; μαίνω (μαν-) madden, μέμηνα; κρᾱ…

§487CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMLengthening of Short Final Vowel.—Verb-stems ending in a short vowel generally lengthen that vowel before the tense-suffix in all tenses (except the present and imperfect) formed f…

§488CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMRetention of Short Final Vowel.—Many verb-stems ending apparently in a short vowel retain the short vowel, contrary to 487, in some or all the tenses. γελά̆-ω laugh, γελά̆σομαι, ἐγ…

§524FOURTH OR N CLASSA short vowel of the verb-stem is lengthened in the case of some verbs to form one or more of the tense-stems other than the present. Thus, λαμβάνω (λαβ-) take λήψομαι (ληβ-); δάκν…

§534II. FUTURE SYSTEMVowel Verbs.—Verb-stems ending in a short vowel lengthen the vowel before the tense suffix (α to η except after ε, ι, ρ). Thus, τῑμάω, τῑμήσω; ἐάω, ἐᾱ́σω; φιλέω, φιλήσω. a. On χράω…

§537 aII. FUTURE SYSTEMStop Verbs.—Labial (π, β, φ) and palatal (κ, γ, χ) stops at the end of the verb-stem unite with ς to form ψ or ξ. Dentals (τ, δ, θ) are lost before ς (98). κόπ-τ-ω (κοπ-) cut, κόψω…

§543(FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)Vowel Verbs.—Verb-stems ending in a vowel lengthen a short final vowel before the tense-suffix (α to η except after ε, ι, ρ). Thus, τῑμάω ἐτῑ́μησα, ἐάω εἴᾱσα (431), φιλέω ἐφίλησα. …

§557V. FIRST (K) PERFECT SYSTEMVowel Verbs.—Vowel verbs lengthen the final vowel (if short) before -κα, as τῑμά-ω honour τε-τῑ́μη-κα, ἐά-ω permit εἴᾱ-κα, ποιέ-ω make πε-ποίη-κα, τίθημι (θε-, θη-) place τέ-θη-κα,…

§435AUGMENTTemporal Augment.—Verbs beginning with a vowel take the temporal augment by lengthening the initial vowel. The temporal augment is so called because it usually increases the time r…

§446REDUPLICATIONAttic Reduplication.—Some verbs whose themes begin with α, ε, or ο, followed by a single consonant, reduplicate by repeating the initial vowel and the consonant and by lengthening …

§643CONTRACT VERBS IN THE DIALECTSWhen uncontracted, verbs in -αω often show in the Mss. of Hom., not the original open forms, but “assimilated” forms of the concurrent vowels, αε, αει, αη giving a double a sound b…

§644CONTRACT VERBS IN THE DIALECTSThe assimilated forms are used only when the second vowel (in the unchanged form) stood in a syllable long by nature or position. Hence ὁροωμεν, ὁραατε, ὁραατο, do not occur for ὁρ…