Topic · from the English index · as printed

Metrical lengthening

VOWEL CHANGE

Difference in quantity between Attic and Epic words is due chiefly either to (1) metrical lengthening, or to (2) different phonetic treatment, as καλϝός, τινϝω become Epic κᾱλός fair, τῑ́νω I pay (37 D. 1), Attic κᾰλός, τί̆νω.

FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASS

Present Stems in -εόε- for ευόε-.—The strong form ευ before the thematic vowel became εϝ (ευ) and then ε (20 a, 43) in the verbs θέω run θεύσομαι, νέω swim ἔνευσα, πλέω sail ἔπλευσα, πνέω breathe ἔπνευσα, ῥέω flow ῥεύσομαι, χέω pour κέχυκα, κέχυμαι, ἐχύθην.

SECOND PERFECTS OF THE μι-FORM

The second perfect δέδια I fear usually has the forms of the first perfect δέδοικα in the singular, less frequently in the plural.

Perfect Pluperfect Subjunctive
δέδοικα or δέδια ἐδεδοικη or ἐδεδίη δεδίω (rare)
δέδοικας or δέδιας ἐδεδοίκης or ἐδεδίης Optative
δέδοικε or δέδιε ἐδεδοίκει or ἐδεδίει δεδιείην (rare)
δέδιτον ἐδέδιτον Imperative
δέδιτον ἐδεδίτην δέδιθι (poet.)
Infinitive
δέδιμεν or δεδοίκαμεν ἐδέδιμεν δεδιέναι or δεδοικέναι
δέδιτε or δεδοίκατε ἐδέδιτε
δεδίᾱσι or δεδοίκᾱσι ἐδέδισαν or ἐδεδοίκεσαν Participle
δεδιώς, -υῖα, -ός or
δεδοικώς, -υῖα, -ός.
IRREGULAR MI-VERBS

εἰμί (ἐσ-, cp. Lat. es-se) am has only the present and future systems.

PRESENT IMPERFECT
Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Indicative
Sing. 1 εἰμί ὦ εἴην ἦ or ἦν
2 εἶ ᾖς εἴης ἴσθι ἦσθα
3 ἐστί ᾖ εἴη ἔστω ἦν
Dual 2 ἐστόν ἦτον εἴητον or εἶτον ἔστον ἤστον
3 ἐστόν ἦτον εἰήτην or εἴτην ἔστων ἤστην
Plur. 1 ἐσμέν ὦμεν εἴημεν or εἶμεν ἦμεν
2 ἐστέ ἦτε εἴητε or εἶτε ἔστε ἦτε or ἦστε (rare)
3 εἰσί ὦσι εἴησαν or εἶεν ἔστων ἦσαν

Infin. εἶναι Participle ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν, gen. ὄντος, οὔσης, ὄντος, etc. (305)

FUTURE (with middle forms):

ἔσομαι, ἔσῃ (or ἔσει), ἔσται, ἔσεσθον, ἔσεσθον, ἐσόμεθα, ἔσεσθε, ἔσονται, opt. ἐσοίμην, inf. ἔσεσθαι, part. ἐσόμενος, -η, -ον.

a. The imperative 3 pl. ἔστωσαν occurs in Plato and Demosthenes; ὄντων in Plato and on inscriptions.

b. In composition ὤν retains its accent, as ἀπών, ἀποῦσα, ἀπόντος, etc.; and so ἔσται, as ἀπέσται (426 e).