Middle voice

§356 aINFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Voices.—There are three voices: active, middle, and passive. a. The middle usually denotes that the subject acts on himself or for himself, as λούομαι wash myself, ἀμῡ́νομαι defend…

§1713MIDDLE VOICEThe middle voice shows that the action is performed with special reference to the subject: λοῦμαι I wash myself.

§1714MIDDLE VOICEThe middle represents the subject as doing something in which he is interested. He may do something to himself, for himself, or he may act with something belonging to himself.

§356 cINFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Voices.—There are three voices: active, middle, and passive. a. The middle usually denotes that the subject acts on himself or for himself, as λούομαι wash myself, ἀμῡ́νομαι defend…

§810FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERMiddle Deponents.—Deponent verbs whose aorists have an active or middle meaning with middle forms are called middle deponents. The aorist passive of such verbs, when it occurs, has…

§813 cFORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERDeponents with Passive Meaning.—Some deponent verbs have a passive meaning. This is avoided by good writers in the present and imperfect or future passive, is not frequent in the a…

§1729MIDDLE VOICEMiddle Deponents (810) often denote bodily or mental action (feeling and thinking): ἅλλεσθαι jump, πέτεσθαι fly, ὀρχεῖσθαι dance, οἴχεσθαι be gone, δέρκεσθαι look; βούλεσθαι wish, …

§1730MIDDLE VOICEDeponent verbs are either direct or indirect middles; direct: ὑπισχνεῖσθαι undertake, promise (lit. hold oneself under); indirect: κτᾶσθαι acquire for oneself, ἀγωνίζεσθαι contend …

§366 aINFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Endings.—The endings in the finite moods (357) show whether the subject is first, second, or third person; and indicate number and voice. See 462 ff. a. The middle has a different …

§465ENDINGS OF THE VERB: PERSONAL ENDINGSENDINGS OF THE MIDDLE (INDIC., SUBJ., OPT.) a. 2 Sing.—Primary -σαι retains its ς in the perfect of all verbs (λέλυ-σαι), and in the pres. of μι-verbs (τίθε-σαι). Elsewhere ς drops…

§466ENDINGS OF THE VERB: PERSONAL ENDINGSENDINGS OF THE IMPERATIVE 1. Active. a. 2 Sing.—λῦε, λίπε, τίθει (for τίθε-ε) have not lost -θι. -θι is found in 2 aor. pass. φάνη-θι; in στῆ-θι and ἕστα-θι; in some 2 aorists, lik…

§468ENDINGS OF THE PLUPERFECT, ENDINGS IN σθThe Endings -σθε, etc.—The ς of the endings -σθε, -σθω, -σθον, -σθων, -σθαι (409 N.) has no exact parallel in cognate languages, and seems to have spread in Greek from forms like τ…

§470ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVEParticiples.—The stem of the participle is formed by adding the following endings to the tense stem. a. -ντ-: in all active tenses except the perfect, and in 1 and 2 aor. passive (…

§802PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VOICE-FORMS, ETC.For the passive voice the middle forms sufficed in most cases; many middle futures are still used passively (807, as ἀδικήσο- μαι shall be wronged; and traces of the passive use of…

§§807–809FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERFuture Middle with Passive Meaning.—In many verbs the future middle has the meaning of the future passive, as ἀδικέω wrong, ἀδικήσομαι shall be wronged.

§1715MIDDLE VOICEThe future middle is often (807), the first aorist middle is almost never, used passively.

§1735 aPASSIVE VOICEThe passive voice represents the subject as acted on: ἐώθουν, ἐωθοῦντο, ἔπαιον, ἐπαίοντο they pushed, were pushed, they struck, were struck X. C. 7.1.38. a. The passive has been de…

§1737PASSIVE VOICEMany future middle forms are used passively (807 ff.).

§1738PASSIVE VOICEThe future middle forms in -σομαι are developed from the present stem, and express durative action; the (later) future passives in -ήσομαι, -θήσομαι are developed from the aorists …

§805FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERFuture Middle with Active Meaning.—Many verbs have no active future, but use instead the future middle in an active sense: λαμβάνω take λήψομαι, γιγνώσκω know γνώσομαι. a. Most suc…

§806FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERIn the following list of active verbs with middle futures those marked * have also an active future; those marked † sometimes have an active future in late Greek. All verbs adding …

§1728 aMIDDLE VOICEDifferences between Active and Middle.—As contrasted with the active, the middle lays stress on the conscious activity, bodily or mental participation, of the agent. In verbs that …

§1729 a, bMIDDLE VOICEMiddle Deponents (810) often denote bodily or mental action (feeling and thinking): ἅλλεσθαι jump, πέτεσθαι fly, ὀρχεῖσθαι dance, οἴχεσθαι be gone, δέρκεσθαι look; βούλεσθαι wish, …

§§814–818FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERActive Verbs with Aorist Passive in a Middle Sense.—The aorist passive of some active verbs has a reflexive or middle sense, either sometimes or always. Thus εὐφραίνω gladden, ηὐφρ…

§1733MIDDLE VOICEThe passive form may have reflexive force, as κῑνηθῆναι set oneself in motion, ἀπαλλαγῆναι remove oneself, ἐναντιωθῆναι oppose oneself, σωθῆναι save oneself (σώθητι save yourself P…

§1742 bPASSIVE VOICEThe passive may be passive of the middle as well as passive of the active: αἱρεῖται is taken or is chosen, βιάζεται does violence or suffers violence (is forced), ᾑρέθη was taken o…

§§1713–1734MIDDLE VOICEThe middle voice shows that the action is performed with special reference to the subject: λοῦμαι I wash myself.

§§1717–1722MIDDLE VOICEThe Direct Reflexive Middle represents the subject as acting directly on himself. Self is here the direct object. So with verbs expressing external and natural acts, as the verbs o…

§1730MIDDLE VOICEDeponent verbs are either direct or indirect middles; direct: ὑπισχνεῖσθαι undertake, promise (lit. hold oneself under); indirect: κτᾶσθαι acquire for oneself, ἀγωνίζεσθαι contend …

§1725MIDDLE VOICEThe Causative Middle denotes that the subject has something done by another for himself: ἐγὼ γάρ σε ταῦτα ἐδιδαξάμην for I had you taught this X. C. 1.6.2, παρατίθεσθαι σῖτον to ha…

§1726MIDDLE VOICEReciprocal Middle.—With a dual or plural subject the middle may indicate a reciprocal relation. So with verbs of contending, conversing (questioning, replying), greeting, embracing…

§1732MIDDLE VOICEThe active is often used for the middle when it is not of practical importance to mark the interest of the subject in the action. The active implies what the middle expresses. So w…

§1734MIDDLE VOICEList of the chief verbs showing important differences of meaning between active and middle. It will be noted that the active is often transitive, the middle intransitive. 1. αἱρεῖν…