Multiplicatives

Contracted Adjectives.—Most adjectives in -εος and -οος are contracted. Examples: χρῡ́σεος golden, ἀργύρεος of silver, ἁπλόος simple (feminine ἁπλέᾱ).

a. So χαλκοῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν brazen, φοινῑκοῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν crimson, πορφυροῦς, -ᾶ, -οῦν dark red, σιδηροῦς, -ᾶ, -οῦν of iron, διπλοῦς, -ῆ, -οῦν twofold, and other multiplicatives in -πλοῦς (354 b). Compounds of two endings (288): εὔνους, -ουν (εὔνοος) well disposed, ἄπλους, -ουν (ἄπλοος) not navigable, εὔρους, -ουν (εὔροος) fair-flowing. These have open οα in the neuter plural.

b. The vocative and dual of contracted adjectives are very rare.

c. Adjectives whose uncontracted form in the nom. sing. has the accent on the antepenult (χρῡ́σεος, πορφύρεος) take in the contracted form a circumflex on their last syllable (χρῡσοῦς, πορφυροῦς) by analogy to the gen. and dat. sing. The accent of the nom. dual masculine and neuter is also irregular (χρῡσώ, not χρῡσῶ).

d. For peculiarities of contraction see 56. ἁπλῆ is from ἁπλέᾱ, not from ἁπλόη.

e. Some adjectives are not contracted: ἀργαλέος difficult, κερδαλέος crafty, νέος young, ὄγδοος eighth, ἀθρόος crowded (usually). (Here εο and οο were probably separated originally by ϝ, 3.)

Other classes of numeral words.

a. Distributives proper, answering the question how many each? are wanting in Greek. Instead, ἀνά, εἰς, and κατά, with the accus., and compounds of σύν with, are used: κατὰ δύο or σύνδυο two by two, two each (Lat. bini). The cardinals are often used alone, as ἀνδρὶ ἑκάστῳ δώσω πέντε ἀργυρίου μνᾶς singulis militibus dabo quinas argenti minas X. A. 1.4.13.

b. Multiplicatives in -πλοῦς -fold (from -πλοος, Lat. -plex), ἁπλοῦς simple, διπλοῦς twofold, τριπλοῦς threefold, πολλαπλοῦς manifold.

c. Proportionals in -πλασιος: διπλάσιος twice as great or (plur.) as many, πολλαπλάσιος many times as great (many).

d. διττός means double, τριττός treble (from διχ-ιος, τριχ-ιος 112).

N.—Multiplication.—Adverbs answering the question how many times? are used in multiplication: τὰ δὶς πέντε δέκα ἐστίν twice five are ten. See also 347 N.

e. Abstract and Collective Numbers in -άς (gen. -άδ-ος), all feminine: ἑνάς or μονάς the number one, unity, monad, δυάς the number two, duality, τριάς trinity, triad, δεκάς decad, decade, εἰκάς, ἑκατοντάς, χῑλιάς, μῡριάς myriad, ἑκατὸν μῡριάδες a million. Also in -ύς: τριττύς (-ύος) the third of a tribe (properly the number three), τετρακύς.

f. Adjectives in -αῖος, answering the question on what day? δευτεραῖος (or τῇ δευτεραίᾳ) ἀπῆλθε he departed on the second day.

g. Adverbs of Division.—μοναχῇ singly, in one way only, δίχα, διχῇ in two parts, doubly, τριχῇ, τέτραχα, etc., πολλαχῇ in many ways, πανταχῇ in every way.

So with multiplicatives in -πλοῦς and -πλάσιος: διπλάσια ἀπέδωκεν ὧν ἔλαβεν it returned double what it received X. C. 8.3.38. So with πολλοστός.