Origin

Here may be classed the genitive of origin: οἱ Σόλωνος νόμοι the laws of Solon D. 20.103, ἡ ἐπιστολὴ τοῦ Φιλίππου the letter of Philip 18. 37, κῡ́ματα παντοίων ἀνέμων waves caused by all kinds of winds B 396.

ἀπό (Lesb. etc. ἀπύ) from, off, away from; originally of separation and departure. Cp. Lat. ab, Eng. off, of.

1. ἀπό with the Genitive only

a. Local: καταπηδήσᾱς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου leaping down from his horse X. A. 1.8.28, ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου he used to hunt (from a horse) on horseback 1. 2. 7, ἀπὸ θαλάσσης at a distance from the sea T. 1.7. Figuratively: ἀπὸ θεῶν ἀρχόμενοι beginning with the gods X. A. 6.3.18.

b. Temporal: ἀφ᾽ ἑσπέρᾱς after evening began (after sundown) X. A. 6.3.23, ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ σημείου on the same signal 2. 5. 32, ἀπὸ τῶν σῑ́των after meals X. R. L. 5.8, ἀφ᾽ οὗ since.

c. Other relations: (1) Origin, Source: in prose of more remote ancestry: τοὺς μὲν ἀπὸ θεῶν, τοὺς δ᾽ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν θεῶν γεγονότας some descended (remotely) from gods, others begotten (directly) of the gods themselves I. 12.81. (This distinction is not always observed.) Various other relations may be explained as source.

(2) Author: as agent with passives and intransitives, when an action is done indirectly, through the influence of the agent (ὑπό of the direct action of the agent himself). Not common, except in Thuc. (chiefly with πρᾱ̓ττεσθαι, λέγεσθαι, and verbs of like meaning): ἐπρᾱ́χθη ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἔργον nothing was done under their rule T. 1.17. The startingpoint of an action is often emphasized rather than the agent: ἀπὸ πολλῶν καὶ πρὸς πολλοὺς λόγοι γιγνόμενοι speeches made by many and to many T. 8.93.

(3) Cause (remote): ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ τολμήματος ἐπῃνέθη he was praised in consequence of this bold deed T. 2.25, ταῦτα οὐκ ἀπὸ τύχης ἐγίγνετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐμῆς this happened not from chance but by reason of the preparations I made L. 21.10.

(4) Means, Instrument: στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ χρημάτων he raised an army by means of money X. A. 1.1.9; rarely of persons: ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν βλάψαι to do injury by means of them T. 7.29.

(5) Manner: ἀπὸ τοῦ προφανοῦς openly T. 1.66.

(6) Conformity: ἀπὸ τοῦ ἴσου on a basis of equality T. 3.10, ἀπὸ ξυμμαχίᾱς αὐτόνομοι independent by virtue of (according to) an alliance 7. 57.

N.—ἀπό with gen. is sometimes preferred to the simple gen., often for emphasis: οἱ λόγοι ἀφ᾽ ῡ̔μῶν the words that proceed from you T. 6.40, ὀλίγοι ἀπὸ πολλῶν a few of the many 1. 110 (cp. 1317 a). Thuc. has many free uses of ἀπό.

2. ἀπό in Composition

From, away, off (ἀπιέναι go away, ἀποτειχίζειν wall off), in return, back (ἀποδιδόναι give back what is due, ἀπαιτεῖν demand what is one's right). Separation involves completion (hence ἀπανᾱλίσκειν utterly consume, ἀποθῡ́ειν pay off a vow), or privation and negation (ἀπαγορεύειν forbid, ἀποτυγχάνειν miss). Often almost equivalent to an intensive (ἀποφάναι speak out, ἀποδεικνύναι point out, ἀποτολμᾶν dare without reserve).

ἐξ, ἐκ out, out of, from, from within, opposed to ἐν, εἰς; cp. Lat. ex, e. As contrasted with ἀπό away from, ἐξ denotes from within.

1. ἐξ, ἐκ with the (Ablatival) Genitive only

In Arcadian and Cyprian ἐς ( = ἐξ) takes the dative.

a. Local: ἐκ Φοινῑ́κης ἐλαύνων marching out of Phoenicia X. A. 1.7.12; of transition: ἐκ πλείονος ἔφευγον they fled when at (from) a greater distance 1. 10. 11. On ἐξ in the constructio praegnans, see 1660 a.

b. Temporal: ἐκ τοῦ ᾱ̓ρίστου after breakfast X. A. 4.6.21, ἐκ παίδων from boyhood 4. 6. 14.

c. Other relations: immediate succession or transition: ἄλλην ἐξ ἄλλης πόλεως ἀμειβόμενος exchanging one city for another P. A. 37d, ἐκ πολέμου ποιούμενος εἰρήνην making peace after (a state of) war D. 19.133, ἐκ πτωχῶν πλούσιοι γίγνονται from beggars they become rich 8. 66. Origin: immediate origin (whereas ἀπό is used of remote origin, 1684. 1. c): ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν noble and of noble breed P. Phae. 246a. Agent, regarded as the source: with pass. and intr. verbs instead of ὑπδ (chiefly poetic and in Hdt.): πόλεις ἐκ βασιλέως δεδομέναι cities a gift (having been given) of (by) the king X. A. 1.1.6, ὡμολογεῖτο ἐκ πάντων it was agreed by all T. 2.49; but ἐκ is often used with a different force, as ἐκ τῶν τυχόντων ἀνθρώπων συνοικισθῆναι to have been settled by the vulgar (as constituent parts of a whole) Lyc. 62. Consequence: ἐξ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἔργου in consequence of the fact itself T. 1.75. Cause or ground of judgment (where the dat, is more usual with inanimate objects): ἐξ οὗ διέβαλλεν αὐτόν for which reason he accused him X. A. 6.6.11. Material: τὸ ἄγκιστρον ἐξ ἀδάμαντος the hook of adamant P. R. 616c. Instrument and means: ἐκ τῶν πόνων τᾱ̀ς ἀρετᾱ̀ς κτᾶσθαι to acquire by labour the fruits of virtue T. 1.123. Conformity: ἐκ τῶν νόμων in accordance with the laws D. 24.28. Manner (rare): ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου on equal terms T. 2.3. Partitive (cp. 1317 a): ἐκ τῶν δυναμένων εἰσί they belong to the class that has power P. G. 525e.

2. ἐξ, ἐκ in Composition

Out, from, off, away (cp. ἐξελαύνειν drive out and away); often with an implication of fulfilment, completion, thoroughness, resolution (ἐκπέρθειν sack utterly, ἐκδιδάσκειν teach thoroughly). Cp. 1648.