Topic · from the English index · as printed

Participles

accent

§209GENERAL RULES FOR THE ACCENT OF NOUNSThe fem. gen. plural of adjectives and participles in -ος has the same accent and form as the masculine and neuter. Thus, δίκαιος, gen. pl. δικαίων (in all genders); λυόμενος, gen.…

§425 bACCENTInfinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives are verbal nouns (358), and hence do not regularly show recessive accent. a. Infinitives.—The following infinitives accent the penul…

§426 dACCENTExceptions to the recessive accent of compound verbs.—a. The accent cannot precede the augment or reduplication: ἄπειμι am absent, ἀπῆν was absent, εἰσ-ῆλθον they entered, ἀπ-ῆσαν …

declension

§§300–310DECLENSION OF PARTICIPLESLike ἀγαθός, -ή, -όν are inflected all the participles of the middle, and the future passive participle.

§287 bADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONSἀγαθός good, ἄξιος worthy, μακρός long are thus declined: SINGULAR Nom. ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν ἄξιος ἀξίᾱ ἄξιον μακρός μακρά μακρόν Gen. ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθῆς ἀγαθοῦ ἀξίου ἀξίᾱς ἀξίου μακροῦ …

comparison

§323COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVESComparison by μᾶλλον, μάλιστα.—Instead of the forms in -τερος, -τατος or -ῑων, -ιστος the adverbs μᾶλλον more, μάλιστα most, may be used with the positive; as μᾶλλον φίλος more dea…

verbal nouns

§358INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Verbal Nouns.—Verbal forms that share certain properties of nouns are called verbal nouns. There are two kinds of verbal nouns. 1. Substantival: the infinitive. N.—The infinitive i…

§1760THE MOODSThere are four moods proper in Greek: indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative. The infinitive (strictly a verbal noun) and the participle (strictly an adjective form of t…

endings

§470ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVEParticiples.—The stem of the participle is formed by adding the following endings to the tense stem. a. -ντ-: in all active tenses except the perfect, and in 1 and 2 aor. passive (…

present

§633PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Participle.—The present participle adds -ντ- to the present stem ending in the thematic vowel ο. Stems in -ο-ντ have the nominative singular in -ων. Thus masc. λῡ́ων from λῡοντ-ς, …

§753PRESENT AND IMPERFECT ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (PASSIVE)Present Participle.—The active adds -ντ-, the middle -μενος. Thus τιθείς (τιθε-ντ-ς), τιθεῖσα (τιθε-ντ-ι̯α); τιθέ-μενος. For δεικνῡ́ς we find δεικνύων. Hom. has τιθήμενος K 34.

future active and middle

§662FUTURE ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (532 ff.). FUTURE PERFECT (580 ff.)Participle.—The future participle has the same endings as the present: λῡ́σων λῡ́σουσα λῦσον, φανῶν φανοῦσα φανοῦν; middle, λῡσόμενος, φανούμενος.

future passive

§663FIRST AND SECOND FUTURE PASSIVE (589, 597)All verbs inflect the first and second future passive alike, that is, like the future middle.

§664FIRST AND SECOND FUTURE PASSIVE (589, 597)The indicative adds -μαι to the stem ending in -θησο- or -ησο-, as λυθήσο-μαι, φανή-σο-μαι. For the two forms of the second person singular see 628. The optative adds -ῑ-μην, as λυ…

first aorist active and middle

§671FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (542)Participle.—The active participle adds -ντ like the present: masc. λῡ́σᾱς from λῡσαντ-ς, fem. λύσᾱσα from λυσᾱντ-ι̯α, neut. λῦσαν from λῡσαν(τ). See 301. The middle ends in -μενος:…

first and second aorist passive

§678FIRST AND SECOND AORIST PASSIVE (585, 590)Participle.—The participle adds -ντ, as masc. λυθείς from λυθεντ-ς, fem. λυθεῖσα from λυθεντ-ι̯α, neut. λυθέν from λυθεν(τ). See 301. So φανείς, etc.

second aorist active

§686SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (546)The participle adds -ντ-, as masc. γνούς from γνοντ-ς, fem. γνοῦσα from γνοντ-ι̯α, neut. γνόν from γνον(τ). See 301. In composition διαγνούς (426 d). a. Before ντ the long vowel ω …

§761SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLESecond Aorist Participle.—The active adds -ντ- like the present: θείς (θε-ντ-ς), θεῖσα (θε-ντ-ι̯α), θέν (θε-ντ); στᾱ́ς (στα-ντ-ς), στᾶσα (στα-ντ-ι̯α), στάν (στα-ντ). The middle add…

first and second perfect active

§700FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)Participle.—The suffixes of the perfect participle in the nominative are -(ϝ)ώς, -υῖα, -(ϝ)ός, as λελυκώς, λελοιπώς. See 301 c, d, 309. In the 2 perf. Hom. sometimes has -ῶτ-ος for…

§702SECOND PERFECTS OF THE μι-FORMA few ω-verbs form their second perfects in the dual and plural without α by adding the endings directly to the stem. Herein these forms agree with the second perfect of μι-verbs (…

§766FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT (AND PLUPERFECT) ACTIVEInfinitive and Participle.—ἑστάναι and ἑστώς are much more common than ἑστηκέναι and ἑστηκώς. Hom. has ἑστάμεναι and ἑστάμεν, ἑσταώς, -αότος. Hdt. has ἑστεώς, -εῶτος. Doric has -εῖ…

perfect middle and passive

§716PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE AND PASSIVE (574)Participle.—The perfect participle adds -μένος, as λελυμένος, λελειμμένος, πεπρᾱγμένος (406, 407). On the ς of πεφασμένος see 409 d.

Predicate and attributive

§914SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCEUnder adjectives are included participles: ὁ μέλλων (attrib.) πόλεμος the future war, ταῦτα εἰπὼν (pred.) ἀπῄειν saying this he went off, ὁρῶ σε κρύπτοντα (pred.) I see you hiding.

§915SYNTAX OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCEPredicate substantives, adjectives, and participles, in agreement either with subject or object, are more common in Greek than in English, and often call for special shifts in tran…

§1166Attributive Position of the ArticlePosition of an attributive participle with its modifiers (A = article, N = noun, P = participle, D = word or words dependent on P): (1) APND: τὸν ἐφεστηκότα κίνδῡνον τῇ πόλει the d…

agreement

§1020ADJECTIVESConcord.—An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case. This holds true also of the article, adjective pronouns, and participles: thus, A. Attributive: ὁ δίκ…

§§1044–1062WITH ONE SUBJECTA circumstantial participle (2054) referring to a collective noun (996) may be plural: τὸ στράτευμα ἐπορίζετο σῖτον κόπτοντες τοὺς βοῦς the army provided itself with provisions by …

§2148REMARKS ON SOME USES OF PARTICIPLESThe participle often agrees with the logical, and not with the grammatical, subject. The participle thus often agrees with the subject of the finite verb which the writer had in mi…

dative, used as dative of relation

§1497DATIVE OF RELATIONThe dative participle, without a noun or pronoun, is frequently used in the singular or plural to denote indefinitely the person judging or observing. This construction is most com…

§1498DATIVE OF RELATIONDative of the Participle expressing Time.—In expressions of time a participle is often used with the dative of the person interested in the action of the subject, and especially to…

with ἄν

§§1845–1849INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE WITH ἄνThe infinitive or participle with ἄν represents either a past tense of the indicative with ἄν or the optative with ἄν. The context determines whether the indicative or the optative…

§2146THE PARTICIPLE WITH ἄνThe participle with ἄν represents the indicative with ἄν (1784 ff.) or the potential optative with ἄν (1824). The present participle with ἄν thus represents either the imperfect in…

tenses

§§1872–1874THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEParticiple (not in indirect discourse).—The participle, as a verbal adjective, is timeless. The tenses of the participle express only continuance, simple occurrence, and completion…

§2043THE PARTICIPLEThe tenses of the participle (except the future) not in indirect discourse are timeless, and denote only stage of action (1872). When they stand in indirect discourse and represent…

§2044THE PARTICIPLEThe future participle marks an action as in prospect at the time denoted by the leading verb. Since it expresses an idea of will, it shows that an action is purposed, intended, or …

with εἰμί, ἔχω, γίγνομαι, φαίνομαι

§§1961–1965PERIPHRASTIC TENSESWith εἰμί.—The present and perfect participle are freely used with the forms of εἰμί to form a periphrasis, especially when the participle has an adjectival character (1857): ἡγεῖ …

§2091THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLEThe present or perfect participle is often used as a simple predicate adjective, especially with εἰμί and γίγνομαι. The aorist participle is chiefly poetic. ἦσαν ἀπιστοῦντές τινες …

nature

§§2039–2042THE PARTICIPLEThe participle (μετοχή participation) is a verbal adjective, in part a verb, in part an adjective.

negative

§2045THE PARTICIPLEThe negative of the participle is οὐ, except when the participle has a general or conditional force, or occurs in a sentence which requires μή. See 2728.

attributive, circumstantial, supplementary

§§2046–2048THE PARTICIPLEThe participle has three main uses. A. Attributive: as an attributive to a substantive. B. Circumstantial (or Adverbial): denoting some attendant circumstance and qualifying the ma…

attributive

§§2049–2053THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLEThe attributive participle (with any modifier), with or without the article, modifies a substantive like any other adjective. ὁ ἐφεστηκὼς κίνδῡνος τῇ πόλει the danger impending ove…

with article, as substantive

§§2050–2052THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLEThe substantive with which the attributive participle (with the article) agrees directly, may be omitted, the participle thus becoming a substantive (1153 b, and N. 1); as, ὁ οἴκαδ…

§1124THE GENERIC ARTICLEThe Article with Participles.—A participle with the article may denote an entire class: ὁ βουλόμενος any one who wishes. Cp. 2050, 2052. ὁ τυχών any chance comer, ὁ ἡγησόμενος a gu…

§1153 bSUBSTANTIVE-MAKING POWER OF THE ARTICLEThe article has the power to make substantival any word or words to which it is prefixed. a. Adjectives: ὁ σοφός the wise man, τὸ δίκαιον justice. b. Participles (with indefinite f…

§1188INTERROGATIVES, ἄλλος, πολύς, ὀλίγος WITH THE ARTICLEἄλλος other.—ὁ ἄλλος in the singular usually means the rest (ἡ ἄλλη Ἑλλάς the rest of Greece); in the plural. the others (οἱ ἄλλοι Ἕλληνες the other (ceteri) Greeks, but ἄλλοι Ἕλλη…

without article, as substantive

§2052 aTHE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLEThe article with the participle is either generic or particular (1124). Thus, ὁ λέγων the definite speaker on a particular occasion, or orator in general. So ὁ οὐ δρᾱ́σᾱς the defin…

with substantive, corresponding to verbal noun with genitive or to articular infinitive

§2053THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLEA participle and its substantive often correspond to a verbal noun with the genitive or to an articular infinitive. Cp. post urbem conditam and Milton's “Since created man.” τῷ σῑ́…

circumstantial

§§2054–2087THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEThe circumstantial participle is added, without the article, to a noun or pronoun to set forth some circumstance under which an action, generally the main action, takes place. a. T…

genitive absolute

§2058THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEA. Genitive Absolute.—A participle agreeing in the genitive with its own subject, which is not identical with the subject of the leading verb, is said to stand in the genitive abso…

§§2070–2075GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTEGenitive Absolute.—A circumstantial participle agreeing with a genitive noun or pronoun which is not in the main construction of the sentence, stands in the genitive absolute. Like…

§2032 fTHE INFINITIVE WITH THE ARTICLE (ARTICULAR INFINITIVE)GENITIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE a. The genitive of the articular infinitive is used to limit the meaning of substantives, adjectives, and verbs. b. Adnominal (1290): τοῦ πιεῖν…

accusative absolute

§2059THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEB. Accusative Absolute.—When the participle has no definite subject (i.e. with impersonal verbs), the accusative absolute is used instead of the genitive absolute. Cp. 2076. συνδόξ…

§§2076–2078GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTEAccusative Absolute.—A participle stands in the accusative absolute, instead of the genitive, when it is impersonal, or has an infinitive as its subject (as under C). When imperson…

expressing time

§2060THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEThe circumstantial participle expresses simply circumstance or manner in general. It may imply various other relations, such as time, manner, means, cause, purpose, concession, con…

§2061THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLETime.—The time denoted by the participle is only relative to that of the governing verb, and is to be inferred from the context. Each participial form in itself expresses only stag…

§2070GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTEGenitive Absolute.—A circumstantial participle agreeing with a genitive noun or pronoun which is not in the main construction of the sentence, stands in the genitive absolute. Like…

manner

§2062THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEManner.—παρήλαυνον τεταγμένοι they marched past in order X. A. 1.2.16, κραυγὴν πολλὴν ἐποίουν καλοῦντες ἀλλήλους they made a loud noise by calling to each other 2. 2. 17, προείλετο…

means

§2063THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEMeans (often the present participle).—λῃζόμενοι ξῶσι they live by pillaging X. C. 3.2.25, μὴ κρῖν᾽ ὁρῶν τὸ κάλλος, ἀλλὰ τὸν τρόπον judge by regarding not beauty, but (by regarding)…

cause

§2064THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLECause.—Παρύσατις . . . ὑπῆρχε τῷ Κῡ́ρῳ, φιλοῦσα αὐτὸν μᾶλλον ἢ τὸν βασιλεύοντα Ἀρταξέρξην Parysatis favoured Cyrus because she loved him more than she did Artaxerxes the king X. A.…

purpose

§2065THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEPurpose or Object.—The future (sometimes the present) participle is used to denote purpose, especially after verbs denoting to come, go, send, summon, etc. Thus, προπέμψαντες κήρῡκ…

opposition or concession

§2066THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEOpposition or Concession.—οὐδὲν ἐρῶ πρὸς ταῦτα ἔχων εἰπεῖν I will make no reply to this though I might (speak) do so P. Lach. 197c, πολλοὶ γὰρ ὄντες εὐγενεῖς εἰσιν κακοί for many, …

§2082ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS OF THE PRINCIPAL VERBA participle implying opposition or concession (2066) may have its meaning rendered explicit by ὅμως yet, nevertheless (with or without καίπερ, 2083), εἶτα then or ἔπειτα afterward…

§2083ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS OF THE PRINCIPAL VERBWith participles of opposition or concession (2066): καίπερ although, καί (infrequent), although καὶ ταῦτα (947) and that too. Thus, συμβουλεύω σοι καίπερ νεώτερος ὤν I give you ad…

condition

§2067THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLECondition (negative always μή).—σὺ δὲ κλύων ( = ἐᾱ̀ν κλύῃς) εἴσει τάχα but if you listen you shall soon know Ar. Av. 1390, οὐκ ἂν δύναιο μὴ καμὼν ( = εἰ μὴ κάμοις) εὐδαιμονεῖν you …

any attendant circumstance

§2068THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLEAny Attendant Circumstance.—συλλέξᾱς στράτευμα ἐπολιόρκει Μῑ́λητον having collected an army he laid siege to Miletus X. A. 1.1.7, παραγγέλλει τῷ Κλεάρχῳ λαβόντι ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ …

adverbs with

§§2079–2087ADVERBS USED IN CONNECTION WITH CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLESAdverbs are often used to set forth clearly the relations of time, manner, cause, concession, etc., that are implied in the participle. They occur also with the genitive and accusa…

καί, καίπερ with

§2382CONCESSIVE CLAUSESThe idea of concession or opposition is often expressed by the participle alone (2066) or by the participle with καίπερ or καὶ ταῦτα (2083). The negative is οὐ. In negative concess…

§2882Adverbial καίWith single words: a. κᾆτα then too, καὶ ἐγώ I on my part, σὸν ἢ κᾱ̓μὸν γένος offspring from thee or me either S. El. 965, βουλόμενος δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς λαμπρόν τι ποιῆσαι desirous of hi…

§2892καίπερκαι<*>περ although is common with participles (2083). As a conjunction (cp. quanquam) without a main clause it is very rare (P. S. 219c).

ὡς with

§2086ADVERBIAL ADJUNCTS OF THE PRINCIPAL VERBWith participles of cause or purpose, etc. (2064, 2065): ὡς. This particle sets forth the ground of belief on which the agent acts, and denotes the thought, assertion, real or pres…

§2996Relative ὡς as an Adverbὡς often indicates the thought or the assertion of the subject of the principal verb or of some other person prominent in the sentence. Here ὡς expresses a real intention or an avo…

general statement concerning supplementary

§§2088–2093THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLEThe supplementary participle completes the idea of the verb by showing that to which its action relates.

not in indirect discourse, 2092-

§2105THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe participle occurs with various other verbs, such as θαμίζω am wont; συμπῑ̔πτω and συμβαίνω happen; ἀποδείκνῡμι, καθίζω, παρασκευάζω, meaning render; ἀρκῶ, ἱκανός εἰμι am suffic…

§§2112–2115CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGThe participle may stand either not in indirect discourse or in indirect discourse. a. Not in Indirect Discourse.—Here verbs of perceiving denote physical perception—the act percei…

with τυγχάνω, λανθάνω, φθάνω

§2096THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEτυγχάνω (poet. κυρῶ) happen, am just now, λανθάνω escape the notice of, am secretly, φθάνω anticipate, am beforehand. a. With these verbs the participle contains the main idea, and…

§1873THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEConstruction of λανθάνω, φθάνω, τυγχάνω.—A supplementary aorist participle with any tense, except the present or imperfect, of λανθάνω escape the notice of, φθάνω anticipate, τυγχά…

of λανθάνω and φθάνω (rarely τυγχάνω) with finite verb

§2096 fTHE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEτυγχάνω (poet. κυρῶ) happen, am just now, λανθάνω escape the notice of, am secretly, φθάνω anticipate, am beforehand. a. With these verbs the participle contains the main idea, and…

with διάγω, διαγίγνομαι, διατελῶ, διαμένω

§2097THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEδιάγω, διαγίγνομαι, διατελῶ, διαμένω continue, keep on, am continually. διάγουσι μανθάνοντες they are continually (they spend their time in) learning X. C. 1.2.6. κρέᾱ ἐσθίοντες οἱ…

with verbs signifying begin, cease, endure, grow weary of

§2098THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith verbs signifying to begin, cease, endure, grow weary of an action. ἄρχομαι begin (2128), παύω cause to cease, παύομαι, λήγω cease, ἀπολείπω, διαλείπω, ἐπιλείπω leave off, ἐλλε…

with some verbs of coming and going

§2099THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith some verbs of coming and going the participle specifies the manner of coming and going, and contains the main idea. βῆ φεύγων he took to flight (went fleeing) B 665, οἴχονται …

with verbs of emotion

§2100THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith verbs of emotion (rejoicing and grieving) the participle often denotes cause (cp. 2048). χαίρω, ἥδομαι, τέρπομαι, γέγηθα (poet.) am pleased, take pleasure, ἀγαπῶ, στέργω am co…

with verbs signifying do well or ill, surpass or be inferior

§2101THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith verbs signifying to do well or ill, to surpass or be inferior, the participle specifies the manner or that in which the action of the verb consists (cp. 2048, 2062). So with κ…

with πειράομαι, πολὺς ἔγκειμαι, πάντα ποιέω

§2102THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith πειρῶμαι try, πολὺς ἔγκειμαι am urgent, πάντα ποιῶ do everything, the participle is rare in Attic; more common in Hdt. with πειρῶμαι, πολλὸς ἔγκειμαι, πολλός εἰμι am urgent, e…

with περιοράω (ἐφοράω, εἰσοράω, προίεμαι), to overlook, allow

§2103THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith περιορῶ (and sometimes with ἐφορῶ, εἰσορῶ, προῑ́εμαι), signifying overlook, allow. (But not with ἐῶ.) Cp. 2141. μείζω γιγνόμενον τὸν ἄνθρωπον περιορῶμεν we allow the man to gr…

with some impersonal expressions taking dative

§2104THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith some impersonal expressions taking the dative, such as those signifying the advantage or consequence of an action (it is fitting, profitable, good, etc.), and those implying c…

with other verbs

in indirect discourse

§§2106–2145THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of Knowing and Showing.—After verbs signifying to know, be ignorant of, learn (not learn of), remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and announce, the participle…

§2576. 2DEPENDENT STATEMENTSDependent statements, or subordinate clauses stating that something is, are expressed in various ways: 1. By an infinitive, with or without an accusative (explained in 1972 ff., 20…

§2600GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEThe verb of simple and compound sentences, and of principal clauses of complex sentences, when introduced by a verb taking the infinitive or participle, passes into the infinitive …

§2604GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs standing in subordinate clauses of sentences introduced by a leading verb requiring the participle or the infinitive, follow the rules of 2602, 2603.

§2611GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEAll optatives with or without ἄν in the direct form are retained (with or without ἄν) in indirect discourse introduced by ὅτι or ὡς. After verbs requiring the participle or infinit…

§26162. Infinitive and ParticipleThe infinitive and participle are used in indirect discourse to represent the finite verb of direct discourse. ὑπώπτευον ἐπὶ βασιλέᾱ ἰέναι they suspected that they were to go again…

§2617COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWhen a complex sentence passes into indirect discourse, its principal verb is treated like the verb of a simple sentence and stands either in a finite mood (after ὅτι or ὡς) or in …

§2628 bREMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEIndirect discourse may be introduced by ὅτι (ὡς) and then pass into the infinitive as if the introductory verb had required the infinitive. ἡ δὲ ἀπεκρῑ́νατο ὅτι βούλοιτο μὲν ἅπαντα…

with verbs of knowing and showing

§§2106–2109THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of Knowing and Showing.—After verbs signifying to know, be ignorant of, learn (not learn of), remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and announce, the participle…

§2592 cINDIRECT DISCOURSEThe constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression. a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infiniti…

§§2110–2115CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGVerbs of Perception.—Verbs signifying to see, perceive, hear, learn (i.e. learn by inquiry, hear of), when they denote physical (actual) perception take the participle. When they d…

§2581DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςVerbs of intellectual perception usually take ὅτι (ὡς); less often the participle, which is normal after verbs of physical perception. A verb of physical perception, if followed by…

§2582DEPENDENT STATEMENTS INTRODUCED BY ὅτι OR ὡςMany verbs take ὅτι (ὡς) or the participle either in indirect discourse or not in indirect discourse (2106-2115). Here the construction with the finite verb is less dependent than …

omission of ὤν

§§2116–2119OMISSION OF ὤνThe participle ὤν is often omitted.

ὡς with

§§2120–2122Ὡς WITH A PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEὡς is often used with a participle in indirect discourse to mark the mental attitude of the subject of the main verb or of some other person mentioned prominently in the sentence (…

verbs which take either participle or infinitive

§§2123–2145VERBS TAKING EITHER THE PARTICIPLE OR THE INFINITIVESome verbs admit either the supplementary participle or the infinitive, sometimes with only a slight difference in meaning. Cases where the difference is marked are given below. (M…

remarks on some uses of

§2147REMARKS ON SOME USES OF PARTICIPLESThe abundance of its participles is one of the characteristic features of Greek. Their use gives brevity to the sentence (cp. 2050), enabling the writer to set forth in a word modi…

after verbs of fearing

§2237OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS WITH VERBS OF FEARINGWith a Causal Participle.—οὔτε τὴν ἀκρόπολιν . . . προδιδοὺς ἐφοβήθη nor was he terrified at having betrayed the Acropolis Lyc. 17.

after ὥστε

§2276ὥστε (ὡς) WITH A FINITE VERBὥστε (ὡς) occurs rarely with the participle (instead of the infinitive) by attraction to a preceding participle (And. 4.20, X. C. 7.5.46, D. 10.40, 58. 23).

for protasis

§2344MODIFICATIONS OF THE PROTASISSubstitutions for the Protasis.—For the protasis with εἰ there may be substituted a participle, often in the genitive absolute (2067, 2070), an adverb, a prepositional phrase, a re…

§2353PROTASIS AND APODOSIS COMBINEDεἰ and ἄν both in Protasis.—The potential optative with ἄν or the unreal indicative with ἄν, standing as the apodosis in the conditional clause with εἰ, is the apodosis of another …

for apodosis

§2350MODIFICATIONS OF THE APODOSISThe apodosis may be expressed in a participle or infinitive with or without ἄν as the construction may require; cp. 1846, 1848. αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν εἰς δισχῑλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μι…

καίτοι with

§2893 bκαίτοι<*>καίτοι (καὶ + τοι<*>), not in Homer, means and yet, although, rarely and so then. Here τοί marks something worthy of note, which is commonly opposed to what precedes. καίτοι is use…

in main clause of sentence containing temporal clause

§2411TEMPORAL CLAUSES IN GENERIC SENTENCESThe verb of the main clause may stand in the participle, or in other tenses than the present indicative: καίπερ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἐν ᾧ μὲν ἂν πολεμῶσι, τὸν παρόντα (πόλεμον) ἀεὶ μέγιστ…

ὥσπερ ἂν εἰ with

§2480 aEXAMPLES OF COMPARATIVE CLAUSESὥσπερ ἂν εἰ is more common than ὥσπερ εἰ. Thus, πρὸς μόνους τοὺς προγόνους τοὺς ἡμετέρους συμβαλόντες ὁμοίως διεφθάρησαν, ὥσπερ ἂν (διεφθάρησαν) εἰ πρὸς ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους ἐπολέμησα…

οὐ and μή with

§§2728–2734οὐ AND μή WITH THE PARTICIPLEThe participle has οὐ when it states a fact, μή when it states a condition. On μή due to the force of the leading verb, see 2737. οὐ πιστεύων since (as, when, etc.) he does not bel…

depending on negatived verbs, μὴ οὐ with

§2750μὴ οὐ WITH THE PARTICIPLE DEPENDING ON NEGATIVED VERBSμὴ οὐ, instead of μή, is sometimes found with the participle after expressions preceded by οὐ or involving a negative, and usually when such expressions denote impossibility or mor…

with μέν, finite verb with δέ

§2904 aμένμὲν . . . δέ serves to mark stronger or weaker contrasts of various kinds, and is sometimes to be rendered by on the one hand . . . on the other hand, indeed . . . but; but is ofte…

οὐδέ (μηδέ) with

§2931οὐδέ (μηδέ) as an AdverbAdverbial οὐδέ (μηδέ) not even, not . . . either, also . . . not, nor yet (ne . . quidem). Cp. the use of καί even, also in affirmative sentences; as οὐδ᾽ ὥς not even in that case …