Persons

Names of persons and places are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned (1120 b) or specially marked as well known: Θουκῡδίδης Ἀθηναῖος Thucydides an Athenian T. 1.1, τοὺς στρατιώτᾱς αὐτῶν, τοὺς παρὰ Κλέαρχον ἀπελθόντας, εἴᾱ Κῦρος τὸν Κλέαρχον ἔχειν their soldiers who seceded to Clearchus, Cyrus allowed Clearchus to retain X. A. 1.4.7, ὁ Σόλων D. 20.90, οἱ Ἡρᾱ<*>λέες the Heracleses P. Th. 169b.

When the name of a person or place is defined by an appositive (916) or attributive, the following distinctions are to be noted:

a. Persons: Περδίκκᾱς Ἀλεξάνδρου Perdiccas, son of Alexander T. 2.99: the official designation merely stating the parentage. Δημοσθένης ὁ Ἀλκισθένους (the popular designation) distinguishes Demosthenes, the son of Alcisthenes (T. 3.91) from other persons named Demosthenes. (Similarly with names of nations.)

b. Deities: the article is used with the name and with the epithet or (less often) with neither: τῷ Διὶ τῷ Ὀλυμπίῳ to Olympian Zeus T. 5.31, Διὶ ἐλευθερίῳ to Zeus guardian of freedom 2. 71.

c. Geographical Names are usually treated as attributives, as ὁ Εὐφρᾱ́της ποταμός the river Euphrates X. A. 1.4.11, ἡ Βόλβη λίμνη lake Bolbe T. 4.103. In a very few cases (six times in Thuc.) ὁ is omitted with the name of a river when ποταμός is inserted; but Hdt. often omits ὁ. With the names of mountains the order is τὸ Πήλιον ὄρος Mt. Pelion Hdt. 7.129 when the gender agrees, but otherwise ἐς τὸ ὄρος τὴν Ἰστώνην to Mt. Istone T. 3.85 (rarely as ὑπὸ τῇ Αἴτνῃ τῷ ὄρει at the foot of Mt. Aetna T. 3.116). With names of islands, towns, etc., the order varies: τὸ Παρθένιον πόλισμα the town of Parthenium X. A. 7.8.21; ἡ Ψυττάλεια νῆσος the island of Psyttalea Hdt. 8.95; Τραγίᾱ ἡ νῆσος the island of Tragia T. 1.116; τοῦ Πειραιῶς τοῦ λιμένος of the harbour of Peiraeus T. 2.93; τὸ φρούριον τὸ Λάβδαλον fort Labdalon 7. 3. The city of Mende would be Μένδη πόλις, ἡ Μένδη ἡ πόλις, Μένδη ἡ πόλις.

Instrument or Means.—ἔβαλλέ με λίθοις he hit me with stones L. 3.8, ῑ̔́ησι τῇ ἀξῑ́νῃ he hurls his ax at him (hurls with his ax) X. A. 1.5.12, ταῖς μαχαίραις κόπτοντες hacking them with their swords 4. 6. 26, οὐδὲν ἤνυε τούτοις he accomplished nothing by this D. 21.104, ἐζημίωσαν χρήμασιν they punished him by a fine T. 2.65, ῡ̔́οντος πολλῷ (ὕδατι) during a heavy rain X. H. 1.1.16 (934). So with δέχεσθαι: τῶν πόλεων οὐ δεχομένων αὐτοὺς ἀγορᾷ οὐδὲ ἄστει, ὕδατι δὲ καὶ ὅρμῳ as the cities did not admit them to a market nor even into the town, but (only) to water and anchorage T. 6.44. Often with passives: ᾠκοδομημένον πλίνθοις built of bricks X. A. 2.4.12.

a. The instrumental dative is often akin to the comitative dative: ἀλώμενος νηί τε καὶ ἑτάροισι wandering with his ship and companions λ 161, νηυσὶν οἰχήσονται they shall go with their ships Ω 731, θῡμῷ καὶ ῥώμῃ τὸ πλέον ἐναυμάχουν ἢ ἐπιστήμῃ they fought with passionate violence and brute force rather than by a system of tactics T. 1.49.

b. Persons may be regarded as instruments: φυλαττόμενοι φύλαξι defending themselves by pickets X. A. 6.4.27. Often in poetry (S. Ant. 164).

c. Verbs of raining or snowing take the dative or accusative (1570 a).