Topic · from the English index · as printed

Pluperfect tense

§359INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Tenses.—There are seven tenses in the indicative: present, imperfect, future, aorist, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. The future perfect commonly has a passive force, but …

§368 bSTEMSThe Tense-stems.—The tenses fall into nine classes called tense-systems. Each tense-system has its own separate tense-stem. SYSTEMS. TENSES. I. Present, including present and imper…

secondary

§360INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Primary and Secondary Tenses.—There are two classes of tenses in the indicative: (1) Primary (or Principal) tenses, the present and perfect expressing present time, the future and …

§1858STAGE OF ACTIONPrimary and Secondary Tenses.—The primary tenses refer to present and future time (present, future, perfect, and future perfect), the secondary or historical tenses refer to past t…

first and second

§361INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Second Aorists, etc.—Some verbs have tenses called second aorists (active, middle, and passive), second perfects and pluperfects (active only), and second futures (passive). The me…

augmented

§428AUGMENTThe augment (increase) denotes past time. It appears only in the secondary or past tenses of the indicative mood, namely, imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect. The augment has two for…

§429AUGMENTSyllabic Augment.—Verbs beginning with a consonant prefix ε as the augment, which thus increases the word by one syllable. In the pluperfect ε is prefixed to the reduplication. λῡ́…

§444REDUPLICATIONPluperfect.—The pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment ε to the reduplicated perfect beginning with a consonant; when the perfect stem begins with a vowel the pluperfect retains …

reduplication

§439REDUPLICATIONReduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote complet…

Active

first and second

§§382–384I. (A) VOWEL VERBS: NOT CONTRACTEDSYNOPSIS OF I. PRESENT SYSTEM II. FUTURE SYSTEM III. FIRST AORIST SYSTEM ACTIVE: Present and Imperfect Future 1 Aorist Indic. λῡ́ω I loose or am λῡ́σω I shall loose loosing ἔλῡον I…

§467ENDINGS OF THE PLUPERFECT, ENDINGS IN σθEndings of the Pluperfect Active.—-η, -ης, -ει(ν) are derived from -ε(σ)α, -ε(σ)ας, -ε(σ)ε. In later Greek the endings are -ειν, -εις, -ει(ν), -ειτον, -ειτην, -ειμεν, -ειτε, and ve…

§701FIRST AND SECOND PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE (555, 561)Pluperfect Active.—The pluperfect is formed by adding -εα, -εας, -εε, -ετον, -ετην, -εμεν, -ετε, -εσαν to the reduplicated stem. By contraction from ἐλελυκεα, -εας, -εε come the fo…

§762 aFIRST AND SECOND PERFECT (AND PLUPERFECT) ACTIVEIndicative.—The perfect of τίθημι is τέθηκα. A later form τέθεικα, not found on Attic inscriptions till after 200 B.C. and due to the analogy of εἷκα, still appears in some texts. …

first, stem

§§555–560V. FIRST (K) PERFECT SYSTEMThe stem of the first perfect is formed by adding -κα to the reduplicated verb-stem. λέ-λυ-κα I have loosed, ἐ-λε-λύκη I had loosed. a. The κ-perfect is later in origin than the se…

second, stem

§§561–573VI. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEMThe stem of the second perfect is formed by adding α to the reduplicated verb-stem: γέ-γραφ-α I have written (γράφ-ω). Hom. has several forms unknown to Attic: δέδουπα (δουπ-έ-ω so…

periphrasis forms

§599PERIPHRASTIC FORMSPerfect.—For the simple perfect and pluperfect periphrastic forms are often used. a. For the perfect or pluperfect active indicative the forms of the perfect active participle and …

Middle and passive

§382I. (A) VOWEL VERBS: NOT CONTRACTEDSYNOPSIS OF I. PRESENT SYSTEM II. FUTURE SYSTEM III. FIRST AORIST SYSTEM ACTIVE: Present and Imperfect Future 1 Aorist Indic. λῡ́ω I loose or am λῡ́σω I shall loose loosing ἔλῡον I…

§383I. (A) VOWEL VERBS:1. ACTIVE Present Imperfect Future INDICATIVE. S. 1. λῡ́ω ἔλῡον λῡ́σω 2. λῡ́εις ἔλῡες λῡ́σεις 3. λῡ́ει ἔλῡε λῡ́σει D. 2. λῡ́ετον ἐλῡ́ετον λῡ́σετον 3. λῡ́ετον ἐλῡέτην λῡ́σετον P. 1.…

§§403–411PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE (AND PASSIVE)In the perfect and pluperfect middle (and passive) of stems ending in a consonant certain euphonic changes (409) occur upon the addition of the personal endings.

§468ENDINGS OF THE PLUPERFECT, ENDINGS IN σθThe Endings -σθε, etc.—The ς of the endings -σθε, -σθω, -σθον, -σθων, -σθαι (409 N.) has no exact parallel in cognate languages, and seems to have spread in Greek from forms like τ…

§707PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE AND PASSIVE (574)Indicative.—The perfect middle is inflected by adding the primary middle endings directly to the tense-stem, herein agreeing with the μι-conjugation. The pluperfect adds the second…

stem

§§574–584VII. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEMThe stem of the perfect and pluperfect middle and passive is the reduplicated verb-stem, to which the personal endings are directly attached. λέλυ-μαι I have loosed myself or have …

periphrastic forms

Force

§1851KIND OF TIMEOnly in the indicative do the tenses show time absolutely present, past, or future. a. Present time is denoted by 1. The Present: γράφω I write, am writing. 2. The Perfect: γέγραφα…

§1852STAGE OF ACTIONEvery form of the verb denotes the stage of the action. a. Continued action is denoted by the present stem: 1. Present: γράφω I am writing, πείθω I am persuading (trying to persuad…

§1952PLUPERFECTThe pluperfect is the past of the perfect, hence it denotes a past fixed state resulting from a completed action: ἐβεβουλεύμην I had (was) resolved. a. When the perfect is translat…

imperfect for

§1906IMPERFECTImperfect for Pluperfect.—The imperfect has the force of the pluperfect in the case of verbs whose present is used in the sense of the perfect (1886). Thus, ἧκον I had come (rarely…

aorist for

§1943AORIST INDICATIVEAorist for Pluperfect.—The aorist with many temporal and causal conjunctions, and in relative clauses, has the force of the Eng. pluperfect. So with ἐπεί, ἐπειδή after that, since,…

of immediate occurrence

§1953PLUPERFECTPluperfect of Immediate Occurrence.—The pluperfect may denote that a past action occurred so immediately or suddenly that it was accomplished almost at the same moment as another a…

in subordinate clauses

§1954PLUPERFECTIn subordinate clauses the pluperfect is rarely used to mark an action as anterior to an action already past: ἦλθον οἱ Ἰνδοὶ ἐκ τῶν πολεμίων οὓς ἐπεπόμφει Κῦρος ἐπὶ κατασκοπήν the …

in unreal conditions

§2306Second Form of Conditions: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONSThe (rare) pluperfect refers to an act completed in past or present time or to the state following on such completion. εἰ ταῦτα ἐπεποιήκης, καλῶς ἂν ἐπεποιήκης if you had finished …

§2307Second Form of Conditions: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONSIn reference to past time, the imperfect or aorist is used according as either tense would be used in an affirmative sentence not conditional. The pluperfect is commonly used when …

§2310Second Form of Conditions: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONSDifferent Tenses in Protasis and Apodosis.—a. Imperfect and Aorist: εἰ μὲν πρόσθεν ἠπιστάμην, οὐδ᾽ ἂν συνηκολούθησά σοι if I had known this before, I would not even have accompanie…

in indirect discourse

§2599GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE(II) After secondary tenses, primary tenses of the indicative and all subjunctives may be changed to the same tense of the optative; but an indicative denoting unreality (with or w…

§2603GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE(II) If subordinate clauses are introduced by a leading verb in a secondary tense, all primary tenses of the indicative and all subjunctives (with or without ἄν) may be changed to …

§2620COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSESubordinate verbs in the imperfect, aorist (but see 2623 c, N. 3), or pluperfect indicative, and all optatives, remain unchanged. ἐπιστεῖλαι δὲ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τοὺς ἐφόρους . . . εἰπ…

§2623 bREMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEPast Tenses in Indirect Discourse.—The following rules govern past tenses in indirect discourse. a. The potential indicative with ἄν, the indicative in a condition denoting unreali…