Purpose

Allied to the genitive of cause is the genitive of purpose in τοῦ with the infinitive (esp. with μή, 2032 e), and in expressions where ἕνεκα is usually employed, as ἡ πᾶσ᾽ ἀπάτη συνεσκευάσθη τοῦ περὶ Φωκέᾱς ὀλέθρου the whole fraud was contrived for the purpose of ruining the Phocians D. 19.76.

μή is used with the infinitive of purpose (cp. 2719) or result (2260). Cp. 2759. On ἐφ᾽ ᾧ μή see 2279; on ὥστε οὐ see 2269.

GENITIVE OF THE ARTICULAR INFINITIVE

a. The genitive of the articular infinitive is used to limit the meaning of substantives, adjectives, and verbs.

b. Adnominal (1290): τοῦ πιεῖν ἐπιθῡμίᾳ from desire to drink T. 7.84, πρὸς τὴν πόλιν προσβαλόντες ἐς ἐλπίδα ἦλθον τοῦ ἑλεῖν they attacked the city and entertained hopes of taking it 2.56.

c. Partitive (1306): τοῦ θαρσεῖν τὸ πλεῖστον εἰληφότες having gained the greatest amount of courage T. 4.34. After comparatives (1431): τί οὖν ἐστιν . . . τοῦ τοῖς φίλοις ἀρήγειν κάλλῑον; what then is nobler than to help one's friends? X. C. 1.5.13.

d. After verbs: ἐπέσχομεν τοῦ δακρῡ́ειν we desisted from weeping P. Ph. 117e (cp. 1392).

e. Purpose (cp. 1408), often a negative purpose: τοῦ μὴ τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν in order not to do what was just D. 18.107, ἐτειχίσθη Ἀταλάντη . . . τοῦ μὴ λῃστᾱ̀ς . . . κακουργεῖν τὴν Εὔβοιαν Atalante was fortified to prevent pirates from ravaging Euboea T. 2.32. More common is the use with ὑπέρ (2032 g) or ἕνεκα.

f. Genitive Absolute (2070): ἐπ᾽ ἐκείνοις δὲ ὄντος αἰεὶ τοῦ ἐπιχειρεῖν καὶ ἐφ᾽ ἡμῖν εἶναι δεῖ τὸ προαμῡ́νασθαι since the power of attack is always in their hands, so in our hands should lie the power of repelling it in advance T. 3.12.

g. After prepositions, e.g. ἀντὶ τοῦ ἐπὶ Κᾱρίᾱν ἰέναι . . . ἐπὶ Φρυγίᾱς ἐπορεύετο instead of going against Caria, he marched toward Phrygia X. H. 3.4.12, ἄνευ τοῦ σωφρονεῖν without exercising self-control X. M. 4.3.1. To express purpose the genitive with ὑπέρ is very common: ὑπὲρ τοῦ τούτων γενέσθαι κῡ́ριος . . . πάντα πρᾱγματεύεται he devotes his every effort that he may become master of these D. 8.45, ὑπὲρ τοῦ μὴ τὸ κελευόμενον ποιῆσαι in order not to do what was commanded 18. 204. Furthermore, after ἀπό, πρό, διά, μετά, περί, ὑπό, ἕνεκα, χάριν, χωρίς, πλήν, μέχρι; and after adverbs. In Hdt. τοῦ may be omitted after ἀντί.

The circumstantial participle expresses simply circumstance or manner in general. It may imply various other relations, such as time, manner, means, cause, purpose, concession, condition, etc. But it is often impossible to assign a participle exclusively to any one of these relations (which are purely logical), nor can all the delicate relations of the participle be set forth in systematic form.

Purpose or Object.—The future (sometimes the present) participle is used to denote purpose, especially after verbs denoting to come, go, send, summon, etc. Thus, προπέμψαντες κήρῡκα πόλεμον προεροῦντα having sent a herald in advance to proclaim war T. 1.29, ὁ βάρβαρος ἐπὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα δουλωσόμενος ἦλθεν the barbarians proceeded against Greece with the purpose of enslaving it 1. 18, συνεκάλεσαν ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων ἁπᾱσῶν ἀκουσομένους (2052 a) τῆς παρὰ βασιλέως ἐπιστολῆς they summoned from all the cities men to listen to the letter from the king X. H. 7.1.39. Present: ἔπεμπον . . . λέγοντας ὅτι κτλ. they sent men to say that, etc. X. H. 2.4.37.

Equivalents of a Final Clause.—The common methods of expressing purpose may be illustrated by the translations (in Attic) of they sent a herald to announce:

ἔπεμψαν κήρῡκα ἵνα (ὅπως) ἀπαγγέλλοιτο (2196).

ἔπεμψαν κήρῡκα ὅστις (ὃς) ἀπαγγελεῖται (2554).

ἔπεμψαν κήρῡκα ἀπαγγελοῦντα (2065), ἀπαγγέλλοντα (rare, 2065).

ἔπεμψαν κήρῡκα ὡς ἀπαγγελοῦντα (2086 c).

ἔπεμψαν κήρῡκα ἀπαγγέλλειν (rare in prose, 2009).

ἔπεμψαν κήρῡκα τοῦ ἀπαγγέλλειν (2032 e, often in Thucydides).

ἔπεμψαν κήρῡκα ὑπὲρ (ἕνεκα) τοῦ ἀπαγγέλλειν (2032 g).

For ὥστε denoting an intended result, see 2267.

Relative Clauses of Purpose (Final Relative Clauses) regularly take the future indicative, even after past tenses (negative μή). The antecedent of final relative clauses is usually indefinite. ὅς is commoner than ὅστις. (The construction with the future participle is more frequent: 2065).

φημὶ δὴ δεῖν ἡμᾶς . . . πρεσβείᾱν πέμπειν, ἣ τοὺς μὲν διδάξει ταῦτα, τοὺς δὲ παροξυνεῖ I say that we must send an embassy, which will inform some of this and incite others D. 2.11, πέμψον τιν᾽ ὅστις σημανεῖ send some one who will announce E. I. T. 1209, ἔδοξε τῷ δήμῳ τριᾱ́κοντα ἄνδρας ἑλέσθαι, οἳ τοὺς πατρίους νόμους συγγράψουσι, καθ᾽ οὓς πολῑτεύσουσι the people voted to choose thirty men who should codify the ancestral laws by which they were to conduct the government X. H. 2.3.2. So in local clauses: κρύψω τόδ᾽ ἔγχος . . . ἔνθα μή τις ὄψεται I will hide this sword where no one shall see it S. Aj. 659.

a. After a secondary tense the future optative occurs rarely: οἱ δὲ τριᾱ́κοντα ᾑρέθησαν μὲν ἐπεὶ τάχιστα τὰ μακρὰ τείχη . . . καθῃρέθη· αἱρεθέντες δ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε ξυγγράψαι νόμους, καθ᾽ οὕστινας πολῑτεύσοιντο κτλ. the thirty were chosen as soon as the long walls were destroyed; and having been chosen for the purpose of codifying the laws, according to which they were to conduct the government, etc. X. H. 2.3.11. In local clauses: S. O. T. 796.

b. A past purpose may be expressed by ἔμελλον and the infinitive. Thus, ναύαρχον προσέταξαν᾽ Αλκίδᾱν, δ̀ς ἔμελλεν ἐπιπλεύσεσθαι they appointed Alcidas as admiral who was to sail in command T. 3.16.

c. Homer uses the subjunctive (with κέ, except Γ 287) after primary tenses, the optative after secondary tenses. Thus, μάντις ἐλεύσεται, ὅς κέν τοι ἔπῃσιν ὁδόν a seer will come to tell thee the way κ 538, ἄγγελον ἧκαν δ̀ς ἀγγείλειε γυναικί they sent a messenger to tell the woman ο 458. The future also occurs (ξ 332). The present or aorist optative is rare in Attic (S. Tr. 903, Ph. 281).

In subordinate clauses μή or οὐ is used.

a. Final clauses have μή, as φίλος ἐβούλετο εἶναι τοῖς μέγιστα δυναμένοις, ἵνα ἀδικῶν μὴ διδοίη δίκην he wished to be on friendly terms with men in power in order that he might not pay the penalty for his wrong-doing X. A. 2.6.21, ἔδει τὰ ἐνέχυρα τότε λαβεῖν, ὡς μηδ᾽ εἰ ἐβούλετο ἐδύνατο ἐξαπατᾶν quoted in 2185 c.

b. Object clauses with ὅπως after verbs of effort have μή, as φρόντιζ᾽ ὅπως μηδὲν ἀνάξιον τῆς τῑμῆς ταύτης πρᾱ́ξεις see to it that you do nothing unworthy of this honour I. 2.37, ἐπεμέλετο ὅπως μήτε ἄσῑτοι μήτε ἄποτοί ποτε ἔσοιντο he took care that they should never be without food or drink X. C. 8.1.43.

c. Conditional clauses regularly have μή. Thus, εἰ μὴ ῡ̔μεῖς ἤλθετε, ἐπορευόμεθα ἂν ἐπὶ βασιλέᾱ if you had not come, we should be marching against the king X. A. 2.1.4, οὐκ ἀπελείπετο αὐτοῦ, εἰ μή τι ἀναγκαῖον εἴη he never left him unless there was some necessity for it X. M. 4.2.40. So in concessive clauses (2369). On οὐ adherescent in conditional clauses see 2696.

d. Relative Clauses, if conditional, have οὐ with a definite antecedent, μή with an indefinite antecedent (2505). μή is thus used when the case in question is typical of a class (μή ‘generic’). Thus, προσημαίνουσιν ἅ τε χρὴ ποιεῖν καὶ ἃ οὐ χρή they signify beforehand what one must do and what not X. C. 1.6.46, ἃ μὴ οἶδα οὐδὲ οἴομαι εἰδέναι what I do not know, I do not even think I know P. A. 21d.

N. 1.—Homer has ὃς (ὅσος) οὐ with the indicative (μή B 301).

N. 2.—οὐ is regular in relative clauses when an opposition is expressed (T. 1.11. 2), and when a negative clause precedes; as οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις (ὅπως) οὐ οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐ, etc. (X. C. 1.4.25, X. A. 2.4.3).

e. The expression τοιοῦτος, ὅς (ὅστις, etc.), when preceded by a negative, takes οὐ; as ταμιεῖον μηδενὶ εἶναι μηδὲν τοιοῦτον, εἰς ὃ οὐ πᾶς ὁ βουλόμενος εἴσεισι it is necessary that no one shall have (such) a storehouse that anybody who pleases may not enter it P. R. 416d. But even when no negative precedes, we have οὐ, when the relative clause makes an assertion or defines attributively; as συγγραφεὺς τῶν λόγων . . . τοιοῦτος, οἷος οὐδεὶς ἄλλος γέγονε such a writer of speeches as no one had been I. 15.35. When the antecedent is general or is thought of in respect of its character we have μή; as βουληθεὶς τοιοῦτον μνημεῖον καταλιπεῖν, ὃ μὴ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεώς ἐστιν wishing to leave behind him such a memorial as would surpass human nature I. 4.89; cp. 2705 g.

f. Relative clauses of purpose take μή, as θαλάσσιον ἐκρῑ́ψατ᾽, ἔνθα μήποτ᾽ εἰσόψεσθ᾽ ἔτι cast me out into the sea where ye may never see me more S. O. T. 1411, κρύψᾱσ᾽ ἑαυτήν, ἔνθα μή τις εἰσίδοι hiding herself where no one might see her S. Tr. 903.

g. Clauses with a relative pronoun referring to an antecedent thought of in respect of its character (of such a sort) take μή. The use of μή characteristic comes from the generic meaning of μή, i.e. the antecedent is not regarded simply as a person who does something but as a person of such a nature as, one who typifies a class. In such cases ὃς μή may refer to a definite person or thing. So especially in relative clauses of cause and result, which ordinarily take οὐ. Thus, ταλαίπωρος ἄρα τις σύ γε ἄνθρωπος εἶ . . ., ᾧ μήτε θεοὶ πατρῷοί εἰσι μήτε ἱερά a wretched being art thou then, who hast neither ancestral gods nor shrines P. Eu. 302b, ψηφίσασθε τοιαῦτα ἐξ ὧν μηδέποτε ῡ̔μῖν μεταμελήσει pass such a vote that you will never repent of it And. 3.41, τοιαῦτα λέγειν . . ., οἷς μηδεὶς ἂν νεμεσήσαι to use language at which no one could feel just resentment D. 21.161, ὁ . . . μηδὲν ἂν ὀμόσᾱς the man who would not take an oath 54. 40. Sophocles is especially fond of the generic μή.

h. Consecutive clauses (and consecutive relative clauses) with ὤστε take οὐ with the indicative and optative. Thus, (Λακεδαιμόνιοι) εἰς τοῦτ᾽ ἀπληστίᾱς ἦλθον ὥστ᾽ οὐκ ἐξήρκεσεν αὐτοῖς ἔχειν τὴν κατὰ γῆν ἀρχήν the Lacedaemonians became so insatiate in their desires that they were not satisfied with their empire on the land I. 12.103, ὥστ᾽ οὐκ ἂν αὐτὸν γνωρίσαιμ᾽ ἂν εἰσιδών so that I should not recognize him, if I were to see him E. Or. 379. On τοιοῦτος ὃς οὐ see 2705 e.

i. Oaths and protestations in the indicative with μή express a solemn denial or refusal, or repudiate a charge. Thus, ἴστω νῦν Ζεὺς . . . μὴ μὲν τοῖς ἵπποισιν ἀνὴρ ἐποιχήσεται ἄλλος let Zeus now know (i.e. I swear by Zeus) that no other man shall mount these horses K 329, μὰ τὴν Ἀφροδῑ́την . . . μὴ ᾽γώ σ᾽ ἀφήσω by Aphrodite, far be it from me that I should release you Ar. Eccl. 999. Cp. 2716.