Reduplication

§122DISAPPEARANCE OF Σ AND ϜDigamma (3) has disappeared in Attic. The following special cases are to be noted: a. In nouns of the third declension with a stem in αυ, ευ, or ον (43). Thus, ναῦς ship, gen. νεώς…

§125 aASPIRATIONTwo rough stops beginning successive syllables of the same word are avoided in Greek. A rough stop is changed into a smooth stop when the following syllable contains a rough stop. …

§414 ACONJUGATION OF μι-VERBSThere are two main classes of μι-verbs. A. The root class. This class commonly ends in -η-μι or -ω-μι (from stems in ε, α, or ο). The present stem is usually reduplicated, but may …

§726FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSReduplicated Presents.—δίδημι bind (rare for δέω), δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give, ῑ̔́ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send, ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) set, κίχρημι (χρα-, χρη-) lend, ὀνίνημι (ὀνα-, ὀνη-) benefit, π…

§727FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSVerbs in -μι reduplicate with ι in the present. See 414, 447. πί-μ-πλημι and πί-μ-πρημι may lose the inserted nasal in compounds of ἐν, but only when ἐν- takes the form ἐμ-; as ἐμπ…

§426ACCENTExceptions to the recessive accent of compound verbs.—a. The accent cannot precede the augment or reduplication: ἄπειμι am absent, ἀπῆν was absent, εἰσ-ῆλθον they entered, ἀπ-ῆσαν …

§§439–445REDUPLICATIONReduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote complet…

§439REDUPLICATIONReduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote complet…

§414 ACONJUGATION OF μι-VERBSThere are two main classes of μι-verbs. A. The root class. This class commonly ends in -η-μι or -ω-μι (from stems in ε, α, or ο). The present stem is usually reduplicated, but may …

§447REDUPLICATIONReduplication in the Present.—A few verbs reduplicate in the present by prefixing the initial consonant and ι, as γί-γνομαι, γι-γνώσκω, μι-μνῄσκω, τί-κτω for τι-τ(ε)κω, πῑ́-πτω for…

§494CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMReduplication.—The verb-stem may be reduplicated. a. In the present with ι: γι-γνώ-σκω (γνω-) know, τί-θη-μι place, ἵ-στη-μι set, δί-δω-μι give. The present reduplication may be ca…

§504FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASS(II) Presents without the thematic vowel (μι-verbs). The personal ending is added directly to the verb-stem, which is often reduplicated. The verb-stem shows different vowel grades…

§526 cFIFTH OR INCEPTIVE CLASS (VERBS IN -σκω)The present stem is formed by adding the suffix -σκόε- to the verb-stem if it ends in a vowel; -ισκόε- if it ends in a consonant. Thus, ἀρέ-σκω please, εὑρ-ίσκω find. a. This class…

§723FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSThe present is made by adding the personal endings directly to the verb-stem, which is a root. This verb-stem may be used in its pure form or it may be reduplicated. a. Some verbs …

§726FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSReduplicated Presents.—δίδημι bind (rare for δέω), δίδωμι (δο-, δω-) give, ῑ̔́ημι (ἑ-, ἡ-) send, ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) set, κίχρημι (χρα-, χρη-) lend, ὀνίνημι (ὀνα-, ὀνη-) benefit, π…

§727FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSVerbs in -μι reduplicate with ι in the present. See 414, 447. πί-μ-πλημι and πί-μ-πρημι may lose the inserted nasal in compounds of ἐν, but only when ἐν- takes the form ἐμ-; as ἐμπ…

§439REDUPLICATIONReduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote complet…

§444REDUPLICATIONPluperfect.—The pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment ε to the reduplicated perfect beginning with a consonant; when the perfect stem begins with a vowel the pluperfect retains …

§555V. FIRST (K) PERFECT SYSTEMThe stem of the first perfect is formed by adding -κα to the reduplicated verb-stem. λέ-λυ-κα I have loosed, ἐ-λε-λύκη I had loosed. a. The κ-perfect is later in origin than the se…

§561VI. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEMThe stem of the second perfect is formed by adding α to the reduplicated verb-stem: γέ-γραφ-α I have written (γράφ-ω). Hom. has several forms unknown to Attic: δέδουπα (δουπ-έ-ω so…

§572VI. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEMSecond Perfects of the μι-form.—Some verbs add the endings directly to the reduplicated verb-stem. Such second perfects lack the singular of the indicative. ἵστημι (στα-, στη-) set…

§439REDUPLICATIONReduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote complet…

§444REDUPLICATIONPluperfect.—The pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment ε to the reduplicated perfect beginning with a consonant; when the perfect stem begins with a vowel the pluperfect retains …

§574VII. PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEMThe stem of the perfect and pluperfect middle and passive is the reduplicated verb-stem, to which the personal endings are directly attached. λέλυ-μαι I have loosed myself or have …

§439REDUPLICATIONReduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote complet…

§448REDUPLICATIONReduplication in the Second Aorist.—ἄγω lead forms the second aorist ἤγ-αγον, ἀγ-άγω, ἀγ-άγοιμι, ἀγ-αγεῖν, middle ἠγ-αγόμην. So also ἤν-εγκα and ἤν-εγκον from φέρω. Hom. has many r…

§494CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMReduplication.—The verb-stem may be reduplicated. a. In the present with ι: γι-γνώ-σκω (γνω-) know, τί-θη-μι place, ἵ-στη-μι set, δί-δω-μι give. The present reduplication may be ca…

§549IV. SECOND AORIST SYSTEMVerbs of the First Class (499) adding a thematic vowel to the verbstem form the second aorist (1) by reduplication (494), as ἄγω lead ἤγαγον, and εἶπον probably for ἐ-ϝε-ϝεπ-ον; (2…

§444 aREDUPLICATIONPluperfect.—The pluperfect prefixes the syllabic augment ε to the reduplicated perfect beginning with a consonant; when the perfect stem begins with a vowel the pluperfect retains …

§446REDUPLICATIONAttic Reduplication.—Some verbs whose themes begin with α, ε, or ο, followed by a single consonant, reduplicate by repeating the initial vowel and the consonant and by lengthening …

§477 a N.CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMThe following examples illustrate the principles of 476. a. ει οι ι: λείπω leave, λείψω, 2 perf. λέλοιπα, λέλειμμαι, ἐλείφθην, 2 aor. ἔλιπομ N.—The weak form appears when the verb …

§566VI. SECOND PERFECT SYSTEMAfter Attic reduplication (446) the stem of the second perfect has the weak form; ἀλείφω (ἀλειφ-, ἀλιφ-) anoint ἀλήλιφα.

§§449–454POSITION OF AUGMENT AND REDUPLICATION IN COMPOUND VERBSIn verbs compounded with a preposition, augment and reduplication stand between the preposition and the verb. Thus, ὑπερβαίνω pass over, ὑπερέβαινον, ὑπερβέβηκα; εἰσβάλλω throw int…

§835Part III: Formation of WordsSeveral substantives are formed by reduplication: ἀγ-ωγ-ή training (ἄγ-ω lead), ἐδ-ωδ-ή food (Ionic ἔδ-ω eat), γί-γᾱς, -αντος giant. Some, by metathesis (128 a): τμῆ-σι-ς cutting (…