Restrictive particles

γέ (postpositive and enclitic) is an intensive and restrictive particle with the force of at least, at any rate, even, certainly, indeed; but often to be rendered by intonation. γέ may indicate assent, concession, banter, scorn, deprecation, irony, etc. γέ emphasizes single words or whole phrases or clauses.

a. Single words. So often with pronouns, as ἔγωγε I at least (excluding others), ἐμέ γε cp. mi-ch, ὅ γε even he (Hom.), οὗτός γε, and with a repeated pronoun (S. Ph. 117). Other words, as ὅ τι βούλει γε whatever you like Ar. Ran. 3, πλήθει γε οὐχ ὑπερβαλοίμεθ᾽ ἂν τοὺς πολεμίους in numbers at least we should not surpass the enemy X. C. 2.1.18.

b. With phrases or clauses. Thus, ὡς μή μ᾽ ἄτῑμον, τοῦ θεοῦ γε προστάτην, οὕτως ἀφῇ με that he may not thus send me away in dishonour—who am the suppliant of the god S. O. C. 1278, ἀνθρώπους τῑ́νυσθον, ὅτις γ᾽ ἐπίορκον ὀμόσσῃ ye who punish men who swear falsely Γ 279.

γοῦν (postpositive; first in Aeschylus) is a restrictive particle from γέ + οὖν. Its meaning varies according to the prominence of the γέ or οὖν; often certainly, at any rate (at all events, at least). γοῦν commonly confirms a previous general assertion by giving a special instance of its truth (the special instance may be a seeming exception). γοῦν is thus used in bringing forward a reason, which, while not absolutely conclusive, is the most probable explanation of a previous statement.

ἔτι γὰρ οὗτοι κακῑ́ονές εἰσι τῶν ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἡττημένων· ἔφευγον γοῦν πρὸς ἐκείνους καταλιπόντες ἡμᾶς for they are even more cowardly than those who were beaten by us. At any rate they deserted us and sought refuge with them X. A. 3.2.17.