Source

ἀκούειν, ἀκροᾶσθαι, πυνθἁνεσθαι, meaning to hear from, learn from, take the genitive of the actual source (1411).

The genitive may denote the source.

πίθων ἠφύσσετο οἶνος wine was broached from the casks ψ 305, Δᾱρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο of Darius and Parysatis are born two sons X. A. 1.1.1, ταῦτα δέ σου τυχόντες obtaining this of you 6. 6. 32, μάθε μου καὶ τάδε learn this also from me X. C. 1.6.44.

With verbs of hearing from and the like the genitive is probably ablatival rather than partitive (1364): ἐμοῦ ἀκούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν from me you shall hear the whole truth P. A. 17b, τούτων πυνθάνομαι ὅτι οὐκ ἄβατόν ἐστι τὸ ὄρος I learn from these men that the mountain is not impassable X. A. 4.6.17, τοιαῦτά του παρόντος ἔκλυον such a tale I heard from some one who was present S. El. 424, εἰδέναι δέ σου χρῄζω I desire to know of thee S. El. 668.

a. Usually (except with πυνθάνεσθαι) we have παρά (ἀπό rarely), ἐξ or πρός (in poetry and Hdt.) with verbs of hearing from.

b. The genitive with εἶναι in πατρὸς δ᾽ εἴμ᾽ ἀγαθοῖο I am of a good father Φ 109, τοιούτων μέν ἐστε προγόνων of such ancestors are you X. A. 3.2.13 is often regarded as a genitive of source, but is probably possessive.

ἀπό (Lesb. etc. ἀπύ) from, off, away from; originally of separation and departure. Cp. Lat. ab, Eng. off, of.

1. ἀπό with the Genitive only

a. Local: καταπηδήσᾱς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἵππου leaping down from his horse X. A. 1.8.28, ἐθήρευεν ἀπὸ ἵππου he used to hunt (from a horse) on horseback 1. 2. 7, ἀπὸ θαλάσσης at a distance from the sea T. 1.7. Figuratively: ἀπὸ θεῶν ἀρχόμενοι beginning with the gods X. A. 6.3.18.

b. Temporal: ἀφ᾽ ἑσπέρᾱς after evening began (after sundown) X. A. 6.3.23, ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ σημείου on the same signal 2. 5. 32, ἀπὸ τῶν σῑ́των after meals X. R. L. 5.8, ἀφ᾽ οὗ since.

c. Other relations: (1) Origin, Source: in prose of more remote ancestry: τοὺς μὲν ἀπὸ θεῶν, τοὺς δ᾽ ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν θεῶν γεγονότας some descended (remotely) from gods, others begotten (directly) of the gods themselves I. 12.81. (This distinction is not always observed.) Various other relations may be explained as source.

(2) Author: as agent with passives and intransitives, when an action is done indirectly, through the influence of the agent (ὑπό of the direct action of the agent himself). Not common, except in Thuc. (chiefly with πρᾱ̓ττεσθαι, λέγεσθαι, and verbs of like meaning): ἐπρᾱ́χθη ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἔργον nothing was done under their rule T. 1.17. The startingpoint of an action is often emphasized rather than the agent: ἀπὸ πολλῶν καὶ πρὸς πολλοὺς λόγοι γιγνόμενοι speeches made by many and to many T. 8.93.

(3) Cause (remote): ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ τολμήματος ἐπῃνέθη he was praised in consequence of this bold deed T. 2.25, ταῦτα οὐκ ἀπὸ τύχης ἐγίγνετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀπὸ παρασκευῆς τῆς ἐμῆς this happened not from chance but by reason of the preparations I made L. 21.10.

(4) Means, Instrument: στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ χρημάτων he raised an army by means of money X. A. 1.1.9; rarely of persons: ἀπ᾽ αὐτῶν βλάψαι to do injury by means of them T. 7.29.

(5) Manner: ἀπὸ τοῦ προφανοῦς openly T. 1.66.

(6) Conformity: ἀπὸ τοῦ ἴσου on a basis of equality T. 3.10, ἀπὸ ξυμμαχίᾱς αὐτόνομοι independent by virtue of (according to) an alliance 7. 57.

N.—ἀπό with gen. is sometimes preferred to the simple gen., often for emphasis: οἱ λόγοι ἀφ᾽ ῡ̔μῶν the words that proceed from you T. 6.40, ὀλίγοι ἀπὸ πολλῶν a few of the many 1. 110 (cp. 1317 a). Thuc. has many free uses of ἀπό.

2. ἀπό in Composition

From, away, off (ἀπιέναι go away, ἀποτειχίζειν wall off), in return, back (ἀποδιδόναι give back what is due, ἀπαιτεῖν demand what is one's right). Separation involves completion (hence ἀπανᾱλίσκειν utterly consume, ἀποθῡ́ειν pay off a vow), or privation and negation (ἀπαγορεύειν forbid, ἀποτυγχάνειν miss). Often almost equivalent to an intensive (ἀποφάναι speak out, ἀποδεικνύναι point out, ἀποτολμᾶν dare without reserve).

παρά (Hom. παραί, Lat. por- in porrigere) alongside, by, near. Except with the accusative παρά is commonly used of persons and personified things.

1. παρά with the (Ablatival) Genitive

Usually coming or proceeding from a person, in Hom. also of things; cp. de chez.

a. Local: οἱ αὐτομολοῦντες παρὰ βασιλέως the deserters from the king X. A. 2.1.6. In poetry, where we might expect the dat. (1659 a): ἔγρετο παρ᾽ Ἥρης lit. he awoke from the side of Hera O 5. In standard Attic prose παρά with the gen. of a thing is excessively rare. When so used, the thing is personified, or the thing implies a person (as πόλις, ἀρχή, θέᾱτρον).

b. Author, Source (cp. 1410): with verbs of receiving, taking, asking, learning, sending, etc.: παρὰ Μήδων τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐλάμβανον Πέρσαι the Persians wrested the empire from the Medes X. A. 3.4.8, παρὰ σοῦ ἐμάθομεν we learned from you X. C. 2.2.6; ἡ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν εὔνοια the good-will on the part of the gods D. 2.1 (less commonly ἀπό); with passives and intransitives (instead of ὑπό with the gen. of the agent): τὰ παρὰ τῆς τύχης δωρηθέντα the gifts of Fortune I. 4.26, τοῦτο παρὰ πάντων ὁμολογεῖται this is acknowledged on all sides (on the part of all) L. 30.12.

2. παρά with the Dative

Almost always of persons in standard Attic prose; cp. chez.

a. Local: οὐ παρὰ μητρὶ σῑτοῦνται οἱ παῖδες, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τῷ διδασκάλῳ the boys do not eat with their mothers, but with their teachers X. C. 1.2.8, παρ᾽ ἐμοί σκηνοῦν to mess with me (as chez moi) 6. 1. 49; of things: τὰ παρὰ θαλάττη χωρία the places along the sea X. A. 7.2.25.

b. Other relations: Possessor: τὸ μὲν χρῡσίον παρὰ τούτῳ, οἱ δὲ κίνδῡνοι παρ᾽ ῡ̔μῖν this man has the gold, you the dangers Aes. 3.240; of the superior in command: οἱ παρὰ βασιλεῖ ὄντες those under the king X. A. 1.5.16; of the person judging: ἀναίτιος παρὰ τοῖς στρατιώταις blameless in the opinion of the troops X. C. 1.6.10, ὁμολογεῖται παρὰ τῷ δήμῳ it is agreed in the opinion of the people Lyc. 54 (here παρά denotes the sphere of judgment); with the gen. after a passive (1692. 1. b) it denotes the source.

3. παρά with the Accusative

a. Local: of motion to, in prose only of persons: ἧκε παρ᾽ ἐμέ come to me X. C. 4.5.25; motion along, by, past (a place): παρὰ γῆν πλεῖν sail along shore T. 6.13; of parallel extent (along, alongside, beside) with verbs of motion and of rest (often the dat.), and often when no verb is used: ἥνπερ ἔλαβον ναῦν, ἀνέθεσαν παρὰ τὸ τροπαῖον the ship they captured they set up alongside of the trophy T. 2.92, εἶπεν αὐτῷ μένειν παρ᾽ ἑαυτόν he told him to remain close by him X. C. 1.4.18, τὸ πεδίον τὸ παρὰ τὸν ποταμόν the plain extending along the river X. A. 4.3.1, ἦν παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη there was a spring by the road 1. 2. 13. Contrary to: παρὰ τοὺς νόμους ἢ κατ᾽ αὐτούς contrary to (i.e. going past) the laws or in accordance with them D. 23.20; in addition to (along beside): ἔχω παρὰ ταῦτα ἄλλο τι λέγειν besides this I have to say something else P. Ph. 107a. Phrase: παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐποιοῦντο Κλέανδρον they treated Cleander as of no account (cp. ‘next to nothing’) X. A. 6.6.11.

b. Temporal: (duration) παρὰ πάντα τὸν χρόνον throughout the whole time D. 5.2, (momentary) παρὰ τὰ δεινά in the hour of danger Aes. 3.170, παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τᾱ̓δικήματα at the time of (i.e. immediately after) the offences themselves D. 18.13.

c. Other relations: Cause = διά: παρὰ τὴν ἡμετέρᾱν ἀμέλειαν in consequence of our negligence D. 4.11, εἰ παρὰ τὸ προαισθέσθαι κεκώλῡται if it was prevented by being perceived in advance 19. 42. Dependence: παρὰ τοῦτο γέγονε τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων the fortunes of the Greeks depend on this D. 18.232. Measure: παρὰ μῑκρὸν ἤλθομεν ἐξανδραποδισθῆναι we had a narrow escape (came by a little) from being enslaved I. 7.6, παρὰ πολύ by far T. 2.8. Comparison: ἐξέτασον παρ᾽ ἄλληλα contrast with each other D. 18.265, χειμὼν μείζων παρὰ τὴν καθεστηκυῖαν ὥρᾱν stormy weather more severe than was to be expected at the season then present T. 4.6.

4. παρά in Composition

Alongside, by, beside (παριέναι go alongside), beyond, past (παρελαύνειν drive past), over (παρορᾶν overlook), aside, amiss (παρακούειν misunderstand).