Tenses

§355INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)The Greek verb shows distinctions of voice, mood, verbal noun, tense, number, and person.

§359INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Tenses.—There are seven tenses in the indicative: present, imperfect, future, aorist, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. The future perfect commonly has a passive force, but …

§360INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Primary and Secondary Tenses.—There are two classes of tenses in the indicative: (1) Primary (or Principal) tenses, the present and perfect expressing present time, the future and …

§1858STAGE OF ACTIONPrimary and Secondary Tenses.—The primary tenses refer to present and future time (present, future, perfect, and future perfect), the secondary or historical tenses refer to past t…

§368STEMSThe Tense-stems.—The tenses fall into nine classes called tense-systems. Each tense-system has its own separate tense-stem. SYSTEMS. TENSES. I. Present, including present and imper…

§380STEMSMeanings of the Tenses and Moods.—In the synopsis (382) meanings are given wherever these are not dependent on the use of the various forms in the sentence. The meanings of the sub…

§§1850–1965THE TENSESBy the tenses (‘tense’ from tempus) are denoted: 1. The time of an action: present, past, future. 2. The stage of an action: action continued or repeated (in process of development…

§§1850–1858THE TENSESBy the tenses (‘tense’ from tempus) are denoted: 1. The time of an action: present, past, future. 2. The stage of an action: action continued or repeated (in process of development…

§1860THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVESubjunctive.—The subjunctive mood as such refers to the future. The tenses do not refer to differences of time, and denote only the stage of the action (continuance, simple occurre…

§§1861–1863THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEOptative (not in indirect discourse).—The reference is always to future time. The tenses do not refer to differences of time, and denote only the stage of the action. Present (cont…

§1864THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEImperative.—The imperative always implies future time. The tenses do not refer to differences of time, and denote only the stage of the action. a. Present (continuance): τοὺς γονεῖ…

§1865THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEInfinitive (not in indirect discourse).—The tenses of the infinitive (without ἄν) not in indirect discourse have no time of themselves and express only the stage of the action; the…

§1866THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEInfinitive (in indirect discourse).—The tenses of the infinitive in indirect discourse denote the same time relative to that of the leading verb (present, past, or future) as was d…

§1867THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEa. Present = pres. indic.: φημὶ ταῦτα μὲν φλυᾱρίᾱς εἶναι I say this is nonsense ( = ἐστί) X. A. 1.3.18. b. Present = imperf. indic: Κτησίᾱς ῑ̓ᾶσθαι αὐτὸς τὸ τραῦμά φησι Ktesias ass…

§2019INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEEach tense of direct discourse is retained (with its proper meaning as regards stage of action) when it becomes infinitive in indirect discourse; but an imperfect is represented by…

§1872THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEParticiple (not in indirect discourse).—The participle, as a verbal adjective, is timeless. The tenses of the participle express only continuance, simple occurrence, and completion…

§2043THE PARTICIPLEThe tenses of the participle (except the future) not in indirect discourse are timeless, and denote only stage of action (1872). When they stand in indirect discourse and represent…

§2112 a N.CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGThe participle may stand either not in indirect discourse or in indirect discourse. a. Not in Indirect Discourse.—Here verbs of perceiving denote physical perception—the act percei…

§1873THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEConstruction of λανθάνω, φθάνω, τυγχάνω.—A supplementary aorist participle with any tense, except the present or imperfect, of λανθάνω escape the notice of, φθάνω anticipate, τυγχά…

§1874THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEParticiple (in indirect discourse). The tenses of the participle in indirect discourse after verbs of intellectual perception denote the same time relative to that of the leading v…

§2106THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs of Knowing and Showing.—After verbs signifying to know, be ignorant of, learn (not learn of), remember, forget, show, appear, prove, acknowledge, and announce, the participle…

§§1875–1965PRESENT INDICATIVEThe present represents a present state, or an action going on at the present time: ἀληθῆ λέγω I am telling the truth L. 13.72. a. On the present without any idea of duration, see 1…

§1942AORIST INDICATIVEEpistolary Tenses.—The writer of a letter or book, the dedicator of an offering, may put himself in the position of the reader or beholder who views the action as past: μετ᾽ Ἀρταβά…

§§1959–1965PERIPHRASTIC TENSESPeriphrastic Future.—A periphrastic future is formed by μέλλω I am about to, intend to, am (destined) to, am likely to (strictly think) with the present or future (rarely the aoris…

§§2597–2635GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSESimple and compound sentences, and principal clauses of complex sentences, introduced by ὅτι or ὡς are treated as follows:

§§2677–2679MOODS IN INDIRECT QUESTIONSThe moods and tenses of indirect questions follow the same rules as govern clauses in indirect discourse. The person may be changed. After primary tenses, the mood and tense of the…

§2686EXCLAMATORY SENTENCESDependent exclamatory clauses follow, as regards mood and tense, the same rules as govern indirect questions (2677). An original indicative remains unchanged after primary tenses o…