Vocative case

§201DECLENSIONCases.—There are five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. The genitive denotes from as well as of, the dative denotes to or for and also by, with, on, in…

§202DECLENSIONThe vocative is often like the nominative in the singular; in the plural it is always the same. Nominative, vocative, and accusative have the same form in neuter words, and always …

§204DECLENSIONDeclensions.—There are three declensions, which are named from the stems to which the case endings are attached. 1. First or Â-declension, with stems in ᾱ) Vowel Declension. 2. Sec…

§223FIRST DECLENSION (STEMS IN ᾱ)Accent.—The vocative of δεσπότης lord is δέσποτα.

§226FIRST DECLENSION (STEMS IN ᾱ)Vocative singular.—Masculines in -ᾱς have the vocative in -ᾱ (νεᾱνίᾱ); those in -της have -ᾰ (πολῖτα), all others in -ης have -η (Ἀτρείδη, Κρονίδη son of Kronos) except names of na…

§233SECOND DECLENSION (STEMS IN ο)Vocative.—The nominative θεός is used instead of the vocative. ἀδελφός brother retracts the accent (ἄδελφε).

§248VOCATIVE SINGULARThe vocative of masculines and feminines is usually the pure stem. πόλι (πόλι-ς city), βοῦ (βοῦ-ς ox, cow), Σώκρατες (Σωκράτης). Stems in ιδ and ντ cannot retain final δ and τ (133…

§249VOCATIVE SINGULARThe vocative is the same as the nominative: a. In stems ending in a stop (16) consonant (except those in ιτ, ιδ, ῑθ; ντ in nouns): ὦ φύλαξ watchman. (Αἴᾱς Ajax (Αἰαντ-) is nom. and…

§261STEMS IN A LIQUID (λ, ρ) OR A NASAL (ν)—ConcludedVocative.—σωτήρ preserver, Ἀπόλλων, Ποσειδῶν (from Ποσειδέων, -ᾱ́ων, -ᾱϝων) have voc. σῶτερ, Ἄπολλον, Πόσειδον with recessive accent. Recessive accent also occurs in compound prope…

§§1283–1288VOCATIVEThe vocative is used in exclamations and in direct address: ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί oh Zeus and ye gods P. Pr. 310d, ἄνθρωπε my good fellow X. C. 2.2.7. The vocative forms an incomplete sen…

§2682EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES(I) By the relative pronouns οἷος, ὅσος, or by the relative adverb ὡς in exclamations of wonder. The sentences introduced by these words are commonly associated with vocatives or i…

§2684EXCLAMATORY SENTENCESDirect exclamations without a verb may be expressed by the vocative or nominative (1288) or by the genitive of cause (1407).