Article

§68CRASISThe final vowel or diphthong of the article, and of τοί, is dropped, and an initial α of the next word is lengthened unless it is the first vowel of a diphthong. The same rule appl…

§179PROCLITICSTen monosyllabic words have no accent and are closely connected with the following word. They are called proclitics (from προκλῑ́νω lean forward). They are: The forms of the articl…

§332PRONOUNSThe Definite Article.—The definite article ὁ, ἡ, τό (stems ὁ-, ᾱ̔-, το-) is thus declined: SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL Nom. ὁ ἡ τό N. A. τώ τώ τώ Nom. οἱ αἱ τά Gen. τοῦ τῆς τοῦ G. D. τοῖν…

§1020ADJECTIVESConcord.—An adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case. This holds true also of the article, adjective pronouns, and participles: thus, A. Attributive: ὁ δίκ…

§1099THE ARTICLE—ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENTThe article ὁ, ἡ, τό, was originally a demonstrative pronoun, and as such supplied the place of the personal pronoun of the third person. By gradual weakening it became the definit…

§§1100–1104ὁ, ἡ, τό IN HOMERIn Homer ὁ, ἡ, τό is usually a demonstrative pronoun and is used substantively or adjectively; it also serves as the personal pronoun of the third person: ἀλλὰ τὸ θαυμάζω but I mar…

§332 aPRONOUNSThe Definite Article.—The definite article ὁ, ἡ, τό (stems ὁ-, ᾱ̔-, το-) is thus declined: SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL Nom. ὁ ἡ τό N. A. τώ τώ τώ Nom. οἱ αἱ τά Gen. τοῦ τῆς τοῦ G. D. τοῖν…

§1104ὁ, ἡ, τό IN HOMERThe transition from the demonstrative to the article is so gradual that it is often impossible to distinguish between the two. Ordinarily Homer does not use the article where it is…

§1105ὁ, ἡ, τό AS A RELATIVEThe demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό is used as a relative pronoun in Homer only when the antecedent is definite (cp. that): τεύχεα δ᾽ ἐξενάριξε, τά οἱ πόρε χάλκεος Ἄρης he stripped off the …

§§1106–1117ὁ, ἡ, τό AS A DEMONSTRATIVE IN ATTIC PROSEThe demonstrative force of ὁ, ἡ, τό survives chiefly in connection with particles (μέν, δέ, γέ, τοί; and with καί preceding ὁ).

§1118 aό, ἡ, τό AS AN ARTICLE (the) IN ATTIC (ESPECIALLY IN PROSE)The article ὁ, ἣ, τό marks objects as definite and known, whether individuals (the particular article) or classes (the generic article). The context must determine the presence of …

§§1119–1121THE PARTICULAR ARTICLEThe particular article denotes individual persons or things as distinguished from others of the same kind. Thus, μαίνεται ᾱ̔́νθρωπος the man is mad (a definite person, distinguishe…

§1120 bTHE PARTICULAR ARTICLESpecial uses of the particular article. The particular article defines a. Objects well known: ὁ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφώτατος Σόλων Solon the wisest of the Seven (Sages) P. Tim. 20d. b Object…

§1142THE ARTICLE WITH PROPER NAMESWhen the name of a person or place is defined by an appositive (916) or attributive, the following distinctions are to be noted: a. Persons: Περδίκκᾱς Ἀλεξάνδρου Perdiccas, son of …

§1178 bPECULIARITIES OF POSITION WITH THE ARTICLEοὗτος, ὅδε, ἐκεῖνος sometimes omit the article. a. Regularly, when the noun is in the predicate: αὕτη ἔστω ἱκανὴ ἀπολογίᾱ let this be a sufficient defence P. A. 24b, οἶμαι ἐμὴν ταύ…

§1120 cTHE PARTICULAR ARTICLESpecial uses of the particular article. The particular article defines a. Objects well known: ὁ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφώτατος Σόλων Solon the wisest of the Seven (Sages) P. Tim. 20d. b Object…

§1120 fTHE PARTICULAR ARTICLESpecial uses of the particular article. The particular article defines a. Objects well known: ὁ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφώτατος Σόλων Solon the wisest of the Seven (Sages) P. Tim. 20d. b Object…

§1121THE PARTICULAR ARTICLEThe article often takes the place of an unemphatic possessive pronoun when there is no doubt as to the possessor. Κῦρος καταπηδήσᾱς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἅρματος τὸν θώρᾱκα ἐνέδῡ Cyrus leaped do…

§§1122–1124THE GENERIC ARTICLEThe generic article denotes an entire class as distinguished from other classes. Thus, ὁ ἄνθρωπος man (as distinguished from other beings), οἱ γέροντες the aged; δεῖ τὸν στρατιώτην…

§1124THE GENERIC ARTICLEThe Article with Participles.—A participle with the article may denote an entire class: ὁ βουλόμενος any one who wishes. Cp. 2050, 2052. ὁ τυχών any chance comer, ὁ ἡγησόμενος a gu…

§1152THE ARTICLE AND A PREDICATE NOUNEven in the predicate the article is used with a noun referring to a definite object (an individual or a class) that is well known, previously mentioned or hinted at, or identical …

§2052THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLEThe article with the participle is either generic or particular (1124). Thus, ὁ λέγων the definite speaker on a particular occasion, or orator in general. So ὁ οὐ δρᾱ́σᾱς the defin…

§1125THE ARTICLE WITH NUMERALSThe article may be used with cardinal numerals a. When the numeral states the definite part of a whole (expressed or understood): ἀπῆσαν τῶν λόχων δώδεκα ὄντων οἱ τρεῖς of the comp…

§§1126–1152FLUCTUATION IN THE USE OF THE ARTICLE: OMISSION OF THE ARTICLEThe article is often omitted (1) in words and phrases which have survived from the period when ὁ, ἡ, τό was a demonstrative pronoun; (2) when a word is sufficiently definite by its…

§1207THE PRONOUN αὐτόςWith a proper name or a word denoting an individual, the article is omitted: αὐτὸς Μένων Menon himself X. A. 2.1.5, πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλέως in front of the Great King himself 1. 7. 11.

§§1131–1135THE ARTICLE WITH ABSTRACT SUBSTANTIVESAbstract substantives generally have the article: ἡ ἀρετὴ μᾶλλον ἢ ἡ φυγὴ σῴζει τᾱ̀ς ψῡχᾱ́ς valour rather than flight saves men's lives X. C. 4.1.5.

§§1136–1142THE ARTICLE WITH PROPER NAMESNames of persons and places are individual and therefore omit the article unless previously mentioned (1120 b) or specially marked as well known: Θουκῡδίδης Ἀθηναῖος Thucydides an …

§1207THE PRONOUN αὐτόςWith a proper name or a word denoting an individual, the article is omitted: αὐτὸς Μένων Menon himself X. A. 2.1.5, πρὸ αὐτοῦ βασιλέως in front of the Great King himself 1. 7. 11.

§1143OTHER USES OF THE ARTICLEA single article, used with the first of two or more nouns connected by and, produces the effect of a single notion: οἱ στρατηγοὶ καὶ λοχᾱγοί the generals and captains (the command…

§1144OTHER USES OF THE ARTICLEA repeated article lays stress on each word: ὁ Θρᾷξ καὶ ὁ βάρβαρος the Thracian and the barbarian D. 23.132 (here the subject remains the same), οἱ στρατηγοὶ καὶ οἱ λοχᾱγοί the gen…

§1145OTHER USES OF THE ARTICLEInstead of repeating a noun with the article it may suffice to repeat the article: ὁ βίος ὁ τῶν ἰδιωτευόντων ἢ ὁ τῶν τυραννευόντων the life of persons in a private station or that …

§1149OTHER USES OF THE ARTICLEAn appositive to the personal pronouns of the first and second persons has the article when the appositive would have it (as third person) with the pronoun omitted: ῡ̔μεῖς οἱ ἡγεμό…

§§1150–1152THE ARTICLE AND A PREDICATE NOUNA predicate noun has no article, and is thus distinguished from the subject: καλεῖται ἡ ἀκρόπολις ἔτι ὑπ᾽ Ἀθηναίων πόλις the acropolis is still called ‘city’ by the Athenians T. 2.…

§1153SUBSTANTIVE-MAKING POWER OF THE ARTICLEThe article has the power to make substantival any word or words to which it is prefixed. a. Adjectives: ὁ σοφός the wise man, τὸ δίκαιον justice. b. Participles (with indefinite f…

§§1154–1167Attributive Position of the ArticleA word or group of words standing between the article and its noun, or immediately after the article if the noun, with or without the article, precedes, is an attributive. Thus, ὁ …

§§1168–1171Predicate Position of AdjectivesA predicate adjective either precedes or follows the article and its noun: σοφὸς ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ σοφός the man is wise. Thus, ἀτελεῖ τῇ νῑ́κῃ ἀνέστησαν they retired with their vic…

§328PRONOUNSαὐτός is a definite adjective and a pronoun. It has three meanings: a. self: standing by itself in the nominative, αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός the man himself, or (without the art…