Topic · from the English index · as printed
Causal clauses
See also Cause
assimilation of mood in
§2185 dASSIMILATION OF MOODSAssimilation to the Indicative.—The subordinate clause takes a past tense of the indicative in dependence on a past tense of the indicative (or its equivalent) denoting unreality. …
after verbs of fearing
§2236OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS WITH VERBS OF FEARINGWith ὅτι (ὡς) Causal.—ἐφοβεῖτο ὅτι ἀπὸ Διὸς . . . τὸ ὄναρ ἐδόκει αὐτῷ εἶναι he was afraid because the dream seemed to him to be from Zeus X. A. 3.1.12.
treatment
§§2240–2248CAUSAL CLAUSESCausal clauses are introduced by ὅτι, διότι, διόπερ because, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὅτε, ὁπότε since, ὡς as, since, because. The negative is οὐ. a. Also by poetic οὕνεκα ( = οὗ ἕνεκα) and ὁ…
particles introducing
§2240CAUSAL CLAUSESCausal clauses are introduced by ὅτι, διότι, διόπερ because, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὅτε, ὁπότε since, ὡς as, since, because. The negative is οὐ. a. Also by poetic οὕνεκα ( = οὗ ἕνεκα) and ὁ…
§§2244–2248CAUSAL CLAUSESἐπεί may introduce a coördinate command (imperative S. El. 352, potential optative, P. G. 474b), wish (S. O. T. 661), or question (S. O. T. 390). Cp. the use of ὥστε, 2275. Sometim…
§2770PARTICLESConjunctions are either coördinating or subordinating. The coördinating conjunctions with their several varieties are given in 2163. The subordinating conjunctions are Causal: ὅτι,…
§2810γάρCausal γάρ is a conjunction: for (nam, enim). It serves to introduce a cause of, or a reason for, an action before mentioned; to justify a preceding utterance; to confirm the truth…
denoting fact
§2241CAUSAL CLAUSESCausal clauses denoting a fact regularly take the indicative after primary and secondary tenses. ἐπεὶ δὲ ῡ̔μεῖς οὐ βούλεσθε συμπορεύεσθαι, ἀνάγκη δή μοι ἢ ῡ̔μᾶς προδόντα τῇ Κῡ́ρου …
denoting alleged or reported reason
§2242CAUSAL CLAUSESBut causal clauses denoting an alleged or reported reason (implied indirect discourse, 2622) take the optative after secondary tenses. (οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι) τὸν Περικλέᾱ ἐκάκιζον ὅτι στρατ…
with unreal indicative or potential optative with ἄν
§2243CAUSAL CLAUSESCause may be expressed also by the unreal indicative with ἄν or the potential optative with ἄν. ἐπεὶ διά γ᾽ ῡ̔μᾶς αὐτοὺς πάλαι ἂν ἀπολώλειτε since you would long ago have perished …
relative clause as
§2245CAUSAL CLAUSESCause may also be expressed by a relative clause (2555), by a participle (2064, 2085, 2086), by τῷ or διὰ τὸ with the infinitive (2033, 2034 b).
§2555CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESRelative Clauses of Cause take the indicative (negative οὐ). ὅς is more common than ὅστις. θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖς, δ̀ς ( = ὅτι σὺ) ἡμῖν . . . οὐδὲν δίδως you do a strange thing in giving…