Topic · from the English index · as printed
Relative
See also Conditional, ὅς
adverbs
§346ADVERBSCorrelative Adverbs.—Adverbs from pronominal stems often correspond in form and meaning. In the list on p. 102 poetic or rare words are in (). a. The demonstratives in () are forei…
antecedent of, definite or indefinite
§2505THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESDefinite and Indefinite Antecedent.—The antecedent of a relative pronoun or adverb may be definite or indefinite. a. A definite antecedent refers to a definite or particular person…
attraction in
§2528THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESAttraction takes place also in the case of relative adverbs; as διεκομίζοντο ὅθεν (for ἐκεῖθεν οἷ) ὑπεξέθεντο παῖδας they conveyed their children from the places where (whither) th…
And absolute time
§1850THE TENSESBy the tenses (‘tense’ from tempus) are denoted: 1. The time of an action: present, past, future. 2. The stage of an action: action continued or repeated (in process of development…
Clauses
as nominative predicate of following sentence
§995APPOSITIONVery common are introductory relative clauses forming a nominative predicate of the sentence that follows: ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον but what is most terrible of all L. 30.29. ἐστί is…
correspond to attributive adjectives
§1165Attributive Position of the ArticleA relative or temporal clause may be treated as an attributive: Σόλων ἐμῑ́σει τοὺς οἷος οὗτος ἀνθρώπους Solon detested men like this man here D. 19.254.
§2488ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)Relative clauses correspond to attributive adjectives (or participles), since like adjectives they serve to define substantives. Like adjectives, too, they often have the value of …
how introduced
§2489ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns or by relative adverbs of time, place , or manner (cp. 340, 346), and refer to an antecedent expressed or implied in the main c…
§2498ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)Local clauses are introduced by the relative adverbs οὗ, ὅπου, ἔνθα, ἵνα (usually poetic, but sometimes in Plato) where, οἷ, ὅποι, ἔνθα whither, ὅθεν, ὁπόθεν, ἔνθεν whence, ᾗ, ὅπῃ …
§2499ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)With names of things the relative adverbs ἔνθα, ᾗ, ὅθεν, οἷ, οὗ are often used instead of the relative pronouns preceded by ἐν, εἰς, ἐξ. Thus, πλησίον ἦν ὁ σταθμὸς ἔνθα (= εἰς ὃν) …
sometimes equivalent to coördinate clause
§2490ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)Many relative clauses are equivalent to coördinate clauses (e.g. 2553). In such cases the relative has the force of a demonstrative or personal pronoun with a connective (καί, ἀλλά…
position
§2492ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)A truly subordinate relative clause may precede the main clause or be incorporated into it (2536). The relative clause is often made emphatic by placing after it the main clause wi…
with ὅς
§2493ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)ὅς who and the other simple relatives (e.g. οἷος, ὅσος) refer to a particular and individual person or thing. ἦν τις ἐν τῇ στρατιᾷ Ξενοφῶν Ἀθηναῖος, ὃς οὔτε στρατηγὸς οὔτε στρατιώτ…
ὅ, as to what
§2494ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)ὅ (sometimes ἅ) at the beginning of a sentence may have the force of as to what (cp. quod), suggesting the matter to which it pertains. δ̀ δ᾽ ἐζήλωσας ἡμᾶς, ὡς τοὺς μὲν φίλους . . …
ὅσπερ, ὅς γε
§2495ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)ὅσπερ the same as (qui quidem) is especially definite and denotes identity (338 c). ὅς γε (quippe qui) is causal (2555 a).
ὅστις
§2496ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)ὅστις whoever and the other compound relatives (e.g. ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος) denote a person or thing in general, or mark the class, character, quality, or capacity of a person (less often…
οἷος, ὅσος
§2497ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)οἷος of such sort as to, proper for, and ὅσος of such amount as to, enough for, denote result and commonly take the infinitive (negative μή). καλόν τε (δοκεῖ) εἶναι ἡ ἐπιστήμη καὶ …
verb of, omitted
§2520THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESVerb omitted.—The verb of a relative clause is often omitted when it belongs also to the main clause. φίλους νομίζουσ᾽ οὕσπερ ἂν πόσις σέθεν (νομίζῃ φίλους) regarding as friends th…
transition from, to independent clause
§2521THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESTransition from a relative to an independent clause sometimes occurs. (ἰχθύων) οὓς οἱ Σύροι θεοὺς ἐνόμιζον καὶ ἀδικεῖν οὐκ εἴων, οὐδὲ τᾱ̀ς περιστερᾱ́ς fish which the Syrians regard…
attraction of whole
§2532THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESThe relatives οἷος, ὅσος, ἡλίκος, ὅστις δή, ὁστισοῦν (and some others) and a following nominative with the copula may be attracted to the case of the antecedent. Thus, χαριζόμενος …
inverse attraction
§§2533–2535THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESInverse Attraction.—An antecedent nominative or (oftener) accusative may be attracted to the case of the relative. The attracted antecedent is often prefixed for emphasis to the re…
incorporation
§§2536–2538THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESIncorporation.—The antecedent taken up into the relative clause is said to be incorporated. The relative and antecedent then stand in the same case, the relative agreeing adjective…
apposition, drawn into
§2539OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESAppositives to the antecedent may be drawn into the relative clause as the nearest construction or for the sake of emphasis. Thus, εὑρήσει τοὺς . . . δικαστᾱ́ς, οἵπερ καὶ λέγονται …
substantive, usually with article, drawn into
§2540OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESA substantive, usually with the article, is often taken over into the relative clause, to explain, by a necessary addition, the idea conveyed by that clause; and stands in the same…
antecedent reserved for main clause, which follows relative clause
§2541OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESThe antecedent may be reserved for the main clause, which follows the relative clause. Thus, καθ᾽ οὓς μὲν ἀπήχθην, οὐκ ἔνοχός εἰμι τοῖς νόμοις I am not subject to the laws in virtu…
attributive adjective or genitive in sentence with relative clause, where placed
§2542OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESAn attributive adjective, or an attributive genitive belonging to a substantive standing in the main clause, may be placed either in the relative clause (if either is emphatic) or …
transference of superlative to
§2542 aOTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESAn attributive adjective, or an attributive genitive belonging to a substantive standing in the main clause, may be placed either in the relative clause (if either is emphatic) or …
participial or subordinate clause depending on followed main clause, joined to preceding clause
§2543OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESA participial or subordinate clause depending on a following main clause may be joined to a preceding clause containing the antecedent of the relative. Thus, ἔφη εἶναι ἄκρον δ̀ εἰ …
main clause fused with
§2544OTHER PECULIARITIES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESWhen the relative clause contains a verb of naming, the main clause is fused with the relative clause. Thus, ἔνθα καλεῖται Ἀρτέμιδος τέμενος (for ἔνθα τέμενός ἐστι, δ̀ καλεῖται Ἀρτ…
use of moods in
§§2545–2552USE OF THE MOODS IN RELATIVE CLAUSESThe ordinary uses of the moods in relative clauses are as follows: a. The present and past tenses of the indicative without ἄν express a fact or the assumption of a fact. The futur…
deliberative subjunctive in
§§2546–2549THE USE OF THE MOODS IN CERTAIN RELATIVE CLAUSESAn extension of the deliberative subjunctive not infrequently occurs in relative clauses after such expressions as οὐκ ἔχω, οὐκ ἔστι, etc., which usually denote baffled will, the e…
deliberative future in
§2549THE USE OF THE MOODS IN CERTAIN RELATIVE CLAUSESThe deliberative future (1916) occurs in relative clauses; as ὅπως μολούμεθ᾽ ἐς δόμους οὐκ ἔχω I do not know how we are to go home S. O. C. 1742. The deliberative subjunctive is mo…
§2550THE USE OF THE MOODS IN CERTAIN RELATIVE CLAUSESIn a few cases the future is used like the subjunctives of 2547 a; and may be explained as a dependent deliberative future. Thus, οὐ γάρ τις ὅρμος ἔστιν, οὐδ᾽ ὅποι πλέων ἐξεμπολήσε…
ordinary
§2553CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESOrdinary Relative Clauses define more exactly a definite antecedent, and show the mood and the negative of simple sentences. Indicative: ταῦτ᾽ ἐστὶν ἃ ἐγὼ δέομαι this is what I wan…
of purpose (final relative clause)
§2554CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESRelative Clauses of Purpose (Final Relative Clauses) regularly take the future indicative, even after past tenses (negative μή). The antecedent of final relative clauses is usually…
§2705 fSUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN THE INDICATIVE OR OPTATIVEIn subordinate clauses μή or οὐ is used. a. Final clauses have μή, as φίλος ἐβούλετο εἶναι τοῖς μέγιστα δυναμένοις, ἵνα ἀδικῶν μὴ διδοίη δίκην he wished to be on friendly terms wit…
of cause
§2555CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESRelative Clauses of Cause take the indicative (negative οὐ). ὅς is more common than ὅστις. θαυμαστὸν ποιεῖς, δ̀ς ( = ὅτι σὺ) ἡμῖν . . . οὐδὲν δίδως you do a strange thing in giving…
of result (consecutive relative clause)
§2556CLASSES OF RELATIVE CLAUSESRelative Clauses of Result (Consecutive Relative Clauses) usually take the indicative (for οἷος, ὅσος with the infinitive see 2497). The negative is οὐ when the relative clause app…
§2705 hSUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN THE INDICATIVE OR OPTATIVEIn subordinate clauses μή or οὐ is used. a. Final clauses have μή, as φίλος ἐβούλετο εἶναι τοῖς μέγιστα δυναμένοις, ἵνα ἀδικῶν μὴ διδοίη δίκην he wished to be on friendly terms wit…
Pronouns
§§338–340PRONOUNSRelative Pronouns.—The relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that is declined thus: SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL Nom. ὅς ἥ ὅ N. A. ὥ ὥ ὥ Nom. οἵ αἵ ἅ Gen. οὗ ἧς οὗ G. D. οἷν οἷν οἷν Gen. ὧ…
used in exclamation sense and as indirect interrogative
§339 fPRONOUNSThe indefinite or general relative pronoun ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι whoever (any-who, any-which), any one who, whatever, anything which, inflects each part (ὅς and τὶς) separately. For th…
§2668INDIRECT (DEPENDENT) QUESTIONSAfter verbs of saying, knowing, seeing, making known, perceiving, etc. (but not after verbs of asking) the simple relatives are found where the indefinite relatives (or the interro…
ὁ, ἡ, τό as relative
§1099THE ARTICLE—ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENTThe article ὁ, ἡ, τό, was originally a demonstrative pronoun, and as such supplied the place of the personal pronoun of the third person. By gradual weakening it became the definit…
§1105ὁ, ἡ, τό AS A RELATIVEThe demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό is used as a relative pronoun in Homer only when the antecedent is definite (cp. that): τεύχεα δ᾽ ἐξενάριξε, τά οἱ πόρε χάλκεος Ἄρης he stripped off the …
as demonstrative
§1110ὁ, ἡ, τό AS A DEMONSTRATIVE IN ATTIC PROSEIn late writers (but in Demosthenes) the relative is used as in 1107: πόλεις, ᾱ<*>ς μὲν ἀναιρῶν, εἰς ᾱ<*>ς δὲ τοὺς φυγάδας κατάγων destroying some cities, into others bringing back…
§338 bPRONOUNSRelative Pronouns.—The relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that is declined thus: SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL Nom. ὅς ἥ ὅ N. A. ὥ ὥ ὥ Nom. οἵ αἵ ἅ Gen. οὗ ἧς οὗ G. D. οἷν οἷν οἷν Gen. ὧ…
predicate position of article with possessive genitive of
§1171Predicate Position of AdjectivesThe predicate position is employed with the demonstratives οὗτος, ὅδε, ἐκεῖνος, and ἄμφω, ἀμφότερος, ἑκάτερος, and ἕκαστος; with the possessive genitives of personal and relative p…
preposition omitted or repeated with
§1671REPETITION AND OMISSION OF PREPOSITIONS, ETC.Before a relative in the same case as a noun or pronoun dependent on a preposition, the preposition is usually omitted: κατὰ ταύτην τὴν ἡλικίᾱν ἦν ἣν ἐγὼ νῦν he was at that age at …
resolved into conjunction and pronoun
§2491ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (RELATIVE CLAUSES: 2488-2573)A relative must often be resolved into a conjunction and a pronoun (2555).
concord
§2501CONCORD OF RELATIVE PRONOUNSA relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person; its case is determined by the construction of the clause in which it stands. οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀνὴρ δ̀ς ἦλθ…
§2502CONCORD OF RELATIVE PRONOUNSVariations from the law of agreement are, in general, the same as in the case of other pronouns (926). a. The construction according to sense (950, 1013) often occurs, as φίλον θάλ…
antecedent
§2503THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESThe demonstrative antecedents of the relative pronouns are commonly: οὗτος . . . ὅς, τοιοῦτος . . . οἷος, τοσοῦτος . . . ὅσος, τηλικοῦτος . . . ἡλίκος, etc. a. The antecedent of ὅς…
definite and indefinite
§§2505–2508THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESDefinite and Indefinite Antecedent.—The antecedent of a relative pronoun or adverb may be definite or indefinite. a. A definite antecedent refers to a definite or particular person…
omission of antecedent
§§2509–2516THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESOmission of the Antecedent to a Relative.—The demonstrative pronoun antecedent to a relative is often omitted: either when it is in the same case as the relative, or in a different…
not repeated
§2517THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESRelative not repeated.—If two or more relative clauses referring to the same antecedent are connected by a copulative conjunction and the second relative would have to stand in a d…
§2518THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESIf the demonstrative would have to stand in the nominative, it is commonly omitted unless the demands of emphasis require its presence: (τέχναις) ᾱς ἐπιστήμᾱς μὲν πολλάκις προσείπο…
preposition with, omitted
§2519THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESPreposition not repeated.—A preposition governing a relative pronoun is usually omitted if it stands in the same case as the preceding noun or pronoun before which the preposition …
attraction
§§2522–2528THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESAttraction.—A relative pronoun is often attracted from its proper case into the case of its antecedent, especially from the accusative into the genitive or dative. A demonstrative …
case, with omitted antecedent
§§2529–2532THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESCase of the Relative with Omitted Antecedent.—When the antecedent is omitted the relative either retains its own case or is attracted.