Showing

With verbs of saying and thinking the predicate adjective is usually connected with its noun by εἶναι, with verbs of perceiving, showing, by ὤν (2106): οὐδένα γὰρ οἶμαι δαιμόνων εἶναι κακόν for I think no one of the gods is base E. I. T. 391, δηλοῖ ψευδῆ τὴν διαθήκην οὖσαν it shows that the will is false D. 45.34. But εἶναι is sometimes omitted (945), as τᾱ̀ς γὰρ καλᾱ̀ς πρᾱ́ξεις ἁπᾱ́σᾱς ἀγαθᾱ̀ς ὡμολογήσαμεν for we have agreed that all honourable actions are good P. Pr. 359e. On the omission of ὤν, see 2117. For εἶναι with verbs of naming and calling, see 1615.

Some verbs, ordinarily construed with the accusative, take the genitive by the analogy of αἰσθάνεσθαι, etc.: ἔγνω ἄτοπα ἐμοῦ ποιοῦντος he knew that I was acting absurdly X. C. 7.2.18, ἀγνοοῦντες ἀλλήλων ὅ τι λέγομεν each of us mistaking what the other says P. G. 517c. This construction of verbs of knowing (and showing) occurs in Attic only when a participle accompanies the genitive.

Verbs meaning to appoint, call, choose, consider, make, name, show, and the like, may take a second accusative as a predicate to the direct object.

στρατηγὸν αὐτὸν ἀπέδειξε he appointed him general X. A. 1.1.2, πατέρα ἐμὲ ἐκαλεῖτε you were wont to call me father 7. 6. 38, αἱρεῖσθαι αὐτὸν τὸν Ἰνδῶν βασιλέᾱ δικαστήν to choose the king of the Indians himself to be arbitrator X. C. 2.4.8, οὐ γὰρ δίκαιον οὔτε τοὺς κακοὺς μάτην χρηστοὺς νομίζειν οὔτε τοὺς χρηστοὺς κακούς for it is not just to consider bad men good at random, or good men bad S. O. T. 609, Τῑμόθεον στρατηγὸν ἐχειροτόνησαν they elected Timotheus general X. H. 6.2.11, τὴν σῑγήν σου ξυγχώρησιν θήσω I shall consider your silence as consent P. Crat. 435b, ἑαυτὸν δεσπότην πεποίηκεν he has made himself master X. C. 1.3.18, ἐᾱ̀ν ἐμὲ σὸν θεράποντα ποιήσῃ if you make me your servant X. O. 7.42, εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας σαυτὸν σοφιστὴν παρέχων showing yourself a sophist before the Greeks P. Pr. 312a, εὐμαθῆ πάντα παρέχειν to render everything easy to learn X. O. 20.14. Cp. 1579.

The constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression.

a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infinitive (2017, 2579).

b. Most verbs of thinking and believing take the infinitive (2018, cp. 2580).

c. Most verbs of knowing, perceiving, hearing, showing take the participle (2106, 2110), but admit the construction with ὅτι or ὡς. Some are followed by the infinitive (2123 ff.).

d. On the construction of verbs of hoping, promising , and swearing, see 1868, 1999, 2024.

The conjunctions ὅτι or ὡς that introduce dependent statements in the indicative and optative

After verbs of saying, knowing, perceiving, showing, etc.

After verbs of emotion (rejoicing, grieving, wondering), etc.

Or such dependent statements contain an explanation of the main clause or of a word in that clause, no special verb introducing the conjunction.

τοῦτο ἄξιον ἐπαινεῖν τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε ναυμαχησάντων, ὅτι τὸν . . . φόβον διέλῡσαν τῶν Ἑλλήνων it is right to praise this in the men who engaged in the sea-fight of those days, (namely) that they dispelled the fear felt by the Greeks P. Menex. 241b.

The constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression.

a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infinitive (2017, 2579).

b. Most verbs of thinking and believing take the infinitive (2018, cp. 2580).

c. Most verbs of knowing, perceiving, hearing, showing take the participle (2106, 2110), but admit the construction with ὅτι or ὡς. Some are followed by the infinitive (2123 ff.).

d. On the construction of verbs of hoping, promising , and swearing, see 1868, 1999, 2024.

The constructions of indirect discourse are regulated by the character of the leading verb or expression.

a. Verbs of saying take either ὅτι or ὡς and a finite verb or the infinitive (2017, 2579).

b. Most verbs of thinking and believing take the infinitive (2018, cp. 2580).

c. Most verbs of knowing, perceiving, hearing, showing take the participle (2106, 2110), but admit the construction with ὅτι or ὡς. Some are followed by the infinitive (2123 ff.).

d. On the construction of verbs of hoping, promising , and swearing, see 1868, 1999, 2024.