PRONOUNS

Pronouns are used as Nouns or as Adjectives. They are divided into the following seven classes:—

1. Personal Pronouns: as, ego, I.
2. Reflexive Pronouns: as, sē, himself.
3. Possessive Pronouns: as, meus, my.
4. Demonstrative Pronouns: as, hīc, this; ille, that.
5. Relative Pronouns: as, quī, who.
6. Interrogative Pronouns: as, quis, who?
7. Indefinite Pronouns: as, aliquis, some one.

Pronouns have special forms of declension.

The Personal pronouns of the first person are ego, I, nōs, we; of the second person, tū, thou or you, vōs, ye or you. The personal pronouns of the third person—he, she, it, they—are wanting in Latin, a demonstrative being sometimes used instead.

Ego and tū are declined as follows:—

The plural nōs is often used for the singular ego; the plural vōs is never so used for the singular tū.

The forms nostrum, vestrum, etc., are used partitively:—

1. ūnusquisque nostrum, each one of us.
2. vestrum omnium, of all of you.

The genitives meī, tuī, suī, nostri, vestrī, are chiefly used objectively (§ 347):—

1. memor sīs nostrī, be mindful of us (me).
2. mē tuī pudet, I am ashamed of you.

Emphatic forms of tū are tūte and tūtemet (tūtimet). The other cases of the personal pronouns, excepting the genitive plural, are made emphatic by adding -met: as, egomet, vōsmet.

Reduplicated forms are found in the accusative and ablative singular: as, mēmē, tētē.

The preposition cum, with, is joined enclitically with the ablative: as, tēcum loquitur, he talks with you.

Reflexive Pronouns are used in the Oblique Cases to refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they stand (see § 299): as, sē amat, he loves himself.

In the first and second persons the oblique cases of the Personal pronouns are used as Reflexives: as, mē videō, I see myself; tē laudās, you praise yourself; nōbīs persuādēmus, we persuade ourselves.

The Reflexive pronoun of the third person has a special form used only in this sense, the same for both singular and plural. It is thus declined:—

1. GEN. suī, of himself, herself, itself, themselves
2. DAT. sibi, to himself, herself, itself, themselves
3. ACC. sē (sēsē), himself, herself, itself, themselves
4. ABL. sē (sēsē), [by] himself, herself, itself, themselves

The Demonstrative Pronouns are used to point out or designate a person or thing for special attention, either with nouns as Adjectives or alone as Pronouns. They are:—hīc, this; is, ille, iste, that; with the Intensive ipse, self, and īdem, same;

and are thus declined:—

Iste, ista, istud, that (yonder), is declined like ille.

Ille and iste appear in combination with the demonstrative particle -c, shortened from -ce, in the following forms:—

The combinations hûiusmodī (hûiuscemodī), êiusmodī, etc., are used as indeclinable adjectives, equivalent to tālis, such: as, rēs êiusmodī, such a thing (a thing of that sort: cf. § 345. a).

For uses of the Demonstrative Pronouns, see §§ 296 ff.

The Relative Pronoun quī, who, which, is thus declined:—

The Substantive Interrogative Pronoun quis, who? quid, what? is declined in the Singular as follows:—

The Plural is the same as that of the Relative, quī, quae, quae.

The singular quis is either masculine or of indeterminate gender, but in old writers it is sometimes distinctly feminine.

The Adjective Interrogative Pronoun, quī, quae, quod, what kind of? what? which? is declined throughout like the Relative:—

Quisnam, pray, who? is an emphatic interrogative. It has both substantive and adjective forms like quis, quī.

The Indefinite Pronouns quis, any one, and quī, any, are declined like the corresponding Interrogatives, but qua is commonly used for quae except in the nominative plural feminine:—

The feminine forms qua and quae are sometimes used substantively.

The indefinites quis and quī are rare except after sī, nisi, nē, and num, and in compounds (see § 310. a, b).

The Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns are originally of the same stem, and most of the forms are the same (compare § 147 with § 148). The stem has two forms in the masculine and neuter, quo-, qui-, and one for the feminine, quā-. The interrogative sense is doubtless the original one.

Old forms for the genitive and dative singular are quôius, quoi.

The form quī is used for the ablative of both numbers and all genders; but especially as an adverb (how, by which way, in any way), and in the combination quīcum, with whom, as an interrogative or an indefinite relative.

A nominative plural quēs (stem qui-) occurs in early Latin. A dative and ablative plural quīs (stem quo-) is found even in classic Latin.

The preposition cum is joined enclitically to all forms of the ablative, as with the personal pronouns (§ 143. f): as, quōcum, quīcum, quibuscum.

The pronouns quis and quī appear in various combinations.

The adverb -cumque (-cunque) (cf. quisque) added to the relative makes an indefinite relative, which is declined like the simple word: as, quīcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whatever; cûiuscumque, etc.

In quisquis, whoever, both parts are declined, but the only forms in common use are quisquis, quidquid (quicquid) and quōquō.

The indefinite pronouns quīdam, a certain (one); quīvīs, quīlibet, any you please, are used both as substantives and as adjectives. The first part is declined like the relative quī, but the neuter has both quid- (substantive) and quod- (adjective):—

Quīdam changes m to n before d in the accusative singular (quendam, M.; quandam, F.) and the genitive plural (quōrundam, M., N.; quārundam, F.).

The indefinite pronouns quispiam, some, any, and quisquam, any at all, are used both as substantives and as adjectives. Quispiam has feminine quaepiam (adjective), neuter quidpiam (substantive) and quodpiam (adjective); the plural is very rare. Quisquam is both masculine and feminine; the neuter is quidquam (quicquam), substantive only; there is no plural. ūllus, -a, -um, is commonly used as the adjective corresponding to quisquam.

The indefinite pronoun aliquis (substantive), some one, aliquī (adjective), some, is declined like quis and quī, but aliqua is used instead of aliquae except in the nominative plural feminine:—

The indefinite pronoun ecquis (substantive), whether any one, ecquī (adjective), whether any, is declined like aliquis, but has either ecquae or ecqua in the nominative singular feminine of the adjective form.

The enclitic particle -que added to the interrogative gives a universal: as, quisque, every one; uterque, each of two, or both. Quisque is declined

like the interrogative quis, quī:—substantive, quisque, quidque; adjective, quīque, quaeque, quodque.

In the compound ūnusquisque, every single one, both parts are declined (genitive unīuscûiusque), and they are sometimes written separately and even separated by other words:—

1. nē in ūnō quidem quōque (Lael. 92), not even in a single one.

The relative and interrogative have rarely a possessive adjective cûius (-a, -um), older quôius, whose; and a patrial cûiās (cûiāt-), of what country.

Quantus, how great, quālis, of what sort, are derivative adjectives from the interrogative. They are either interrogative or relative, corresponding respectively to the demonstratives tantus, tālis (§ 152). Indefinite compounds are quantuscumque and quāliscumque (see § 151. a).

Many Pronouns, Pronominal Adjectives, and Adverbs have corresponding demonstrative, relative, interrogative, and indefinite forms. Such parallel forms are called Correlatives. They are shown in the following table:—