Conjunctions, like prepositions (cf. § 219), are closely related to adverbs, and are either petrified cases of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, or obscured phrases: as, quod, an old accusative; dum, probably an old accusative (cf. tum, cum); vērō, an old neuter ablative of vērus; nihilōminus, none the less; proinde, lit. forward from there. Most conjunctions are connected with pronominal adverbs, which cannot always be referred to their original case-forms.
CONJUNCTIONS
§§222–226 · 5 sections
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or sentences. They are of two classes, Coördinate and Subordinate:—
Coördinate, connecting coördinate or similar constructions (see § 278. 2. a). These are:—
- Copulative or disjunctive, implying a connection or separation of thought as well as of words: as, et, and; aut, or; neque, nor.
- Adversative, implying a connection of words, but a contrast in thought: as, sed, but.
- Causal, introducing a cause or reason: as, nam, for.
- Illative, denoting an inference: as, igitur, therefore.
Subordinate, connecting a subordinate or independent clause with that on which it depends (see § 278. 2. b). These are:—
- Conditional, denoting a condition or hypothesis: as, sī, if; nisi, unless.
- Comparative, implying comparison as well as condition: as, ac sī, as if.
- Concessive, denoting a concession or admission: as, quamquam, although (lit. however much it may be true that, etc.).
- Temporal: as, postquam, after.
- Consecutive, expressing result: as, ut, so that.
- Final, expressing purpose: as, ut, in order that; nē, that not.
- Causal, expressing cause: as, quia, because.
Conjunctions are more numerous and more accurately distinguished in Latin than in English. The following list includes the common conjunctions
and conjunctive phrases:—
et, -que, atque (ac), and.
et ... et; et ... -que (atque); -que ... et; -que ... -que (poetical), both ... and.
etiam, quoque, neque nōn (necnōn), quīn etiam, itidem (item), also.
cum ... tum; tum ... tum, both ... and; not only ... but also.
quā ... quā, on the one hand ... on the other hand.
modo ... modo, now ... now.
aut ... aut; vel ... vel (-ve), either ... or.
sīve (seu) ... sīve, whether ... or.
nec (neque) ... nec (neque); neque ... nec; nec ... neque (rare), neither ... nor.
et ... neque, both ... and not.
nec ... et; nec (neque) ... -que, neither (both not) ... and.
sed, autem, vērum, vērō, at, atquī, but.
tamen, attamen, sed tamen, vērum tamen, but yet, nevertheless.
nihilōminus, none the less.
at vērō, but in truth; enimvērō, for in truth.
cēterum, on the other hand, but.
nam, namque, enim, etenim, for.
quāpropter, quārē, quamobrem, quōcircā, unde, wherefore, whence.
ergō, igitur, itaque, ideō, idcircō, inde, proinde, therefore, accordingly.
sī, if; sīn, but if; nisi (nī), unless, if not; quod sī, but if.
modo, dum, dummodo, sī modo, if only, provided.
dummodo nē (dum nē, modo nē), provided only not.
ut, utī, sīcut, just as; velut, as, so as; prout, praeut, ceu, like as, according as.
tamquam (tanquam), quasi, ut sī, ac sī, velut, velutī, velut sī, as if.
quam, atque (ac), as, than.
etsī, etiamsī, tametsī, even if; quamquam (quanquam), although.
quamvīs, quantumvīs, quamlibet, quantumlibet, however much.
licet (properly a verb), ut, cum (quom), though, suppose, whereas.
cum (quom), quandō, when; ubi, ut, when, as; cum prīmum, ut prīmum, ubi prīmum, simul, simul ac, simul atque, as soon as; postquam (posteāquam), after.
prius ... quam, ante ... quam, before; nōn ante ... quam, not ... until.
dum, ūsque dum, dōnec, quoad, until, as long as, while.
ut (utī), quō, so that, in order that.
nē, ut nē, lest (that ... not, in order that not); nēve (neu), that not, nor.
quīn (after negatives), quōminus, but that (so as to prevent), that not.
quia, quod, quoniam (†quom-iam), quandō, because.
cum (quom), since.
quandōquidem, sī quidem, quippe, ut pote, since indeed, inasmuch as.
proptereā ... quod, for this reason ... that.
On the use of Conjunctions, see §§ 323, 324.
INTERJECTIONS
Some Interjections are mere natural exclamations of feeling; others are derived from inflected parts of speech, e.g. the imperatives em, lo (probably for eme, take); age, come, etc. Names of deities occur in herclē, pol (from Pollux), etc. Many Latin interjections are borrowed from the Greek, as euge, euhoe, etc.
The following list comprises most of the Interjections in common use:—
ō, ēn, ecce, ehem, papae, vāh (of astonishment).
iō, ēvae, ēvoe, euhoe (of joy).
heu, ē˘heu, vae, alas (of sorrow).
heus, eho, ehodum, ho (of calling); st, hist.
êia, euge (of praise).
prō (of attestation): as, prō pudor, shame!