Topic · from the English index · as printed

Aorist tense

§359INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Tenses.—There are seven tenses in the indicative: present, imperfect, future, aorist, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. The future perfect commonly has a passive force, but …

secondary

§360INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Primary and Secondary Tenses.—There are two classes of tenses in the indicative: (1) Primary (or Principal) tenses, the present and perfect expressing present time, the future and …

§1858STAGE OF ACTIONPrimary and Secondary Tenses.—The primary tenses refer to present and future time (present, future, perfect, and future perfect), the secondary or historical tenses refer to past t…

first and second

§361INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)Second Aorists, etc.—Some verbs have tenses called second aorists (active, middle, and passive), second perfects and pluperfects (active only), and second futures (passive). The me…

one of principal parts of verb

§§368–370STEMSThe Tense-stems.—The tenses fall into nine classes called tense-systems. Each tense-system has its own separate tense-stem. SYSTEMS. TENSES. I. Present, including present and imper…

iterative in -σκο/ε-

§495CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMIterative Imperfects and Aorists in -σκόε-.—Homer and Herodotus have iterative imperfects and aorists in -σκον and -σκομην denoting a customary or repeated past action. Homer has i…

)( imperfect

§553IV. SECOND AORIST SYSTEMThe difference between an imperfect and an aorist depends formally on the character of the present. Thus ἔ-φη-ν said is called an ‘imperfect’ of φη-μί: but ἔ-στη-ν stood is a ‘seco…

§1908IMPERFECTImperfect and Aorist.—The imperfect and aorist often occur in the same passage; and the choice of the one or the other often depends upon the manner in which the writer may view a …

§1909IMPERFECTThe following statement presents the chief differences between imperfect and aorist as narrative tenses. Imperfect Aorist circumstances, details, course of mere fact of occurrence,…

forms in -ην

§803PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VOICE-FORMS, ETC.The second aorist in -ην is primarily intransitive and shows active inflection (as ἔστην stood). Many so-called passive forms are in fact merely intransitive aorists of active verb…

of passive form but active or middle meaning

§804PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VOICE-FORMS, ETC.The aorists in -θην that are called passive are often active or middle in meaning, as ἥσθην took pleasure in from ἥδομαι, ᾐσχύνθην felt ashamed from αἰσχῡ́νω disgrace, αἰσχῡ́νομαι …

§811FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERPassive Deponents.—Deponent verbs whose aorists have the passive form but the active or middle meaning are called passive deponents; as βούλομαι wish, aor. ἐβουλήθην. The future is…

§812FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERIn the following list verbs marked * have a future passive form and also a future middle form; as διαλέγομαι converse, aor. διελέχθην conversed, fut. διαλέξομαι and διαλεχθήσομαι s…

of middle form but active or middle meaning

§810FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERMiddle Deponents.—Deponent verbs whose aorists have an active or middle meaning with middle forms are called middle deponents. The aorist passive of such verbs, when it occurs, has…

of deponents, in passive meaning

§813FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERDeponents with Passive Meaning.—Some deponent verbs have a passive meaning. This is avoided by good writers in the present and imperfect or future passive, is not frequent in the a…

active verbs with aorist passive in middle sense

§§814–818FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERActive Verbs with Aorist Passive in a Middle Sense.—The aorist passive of some active verbs has a reflexive or middle sense, either sometimes or always. Thus εὐφραίνω gladden, ηὐφρ…

force

§1851KIND OF TIMEOnly in the indicative do the tenses show time absolutely present, past, or future. a. Present time is denoted by 1. The Present: γράφω I write, am writing. 2. The Perfect: γέγραφα…

§1855STAGE OF ACTIONSome verbs are, by their meaning, restricted to the tenses of continued action, as ὁρᾶν behold, φέρειν carry; others are exclusively aoristic, as ἰδεῖν properly glance at, ἐνεγκεῖν…

§1856STAGE OF ACTIONThe difference between the present stem (present and imperfect) and the aorist stem may be compared to the difference between a line and a point (both starting point and end). Thus…

Active

first, inflection

§382I. (A) VOWEL VERBS: NOT CONTRACTEDSYNOPSIS OF I. PRESENT SYSTEM II. FUTURE SYSTEM III. FIRST AORIST SYSTEM ACTIVE: Present and Imperfect Future 1 Aorist Indic. λῡ́ω I loose or am λῡ́σω I shall loose loosing ἔλῡον I…

§383I. (A) VOWEL VERBS:1. ACTIVE Present Imperfect Future INDICATIVE. S. 1. λῡ́ω ἔλῡον λῡ́σω 2. λῡ́εις ἔλῡες λῡ́σεις 3. λῡ́ει ἔλῡε λῡ́σει D. 2. λῡ́ετον ἐλῡ́ετον λῡ́σετον 3. λῡ́ετον ἐλῡέτην λῡ́σετον P. 1.…

§§665–671FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (542)All vowel and consonant ω-verbs inflect the first aorist alike.

§755FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLEThe verbs τίθημι, ῑ̔́ημι, δίδωμι form the singular active of the first aorist in -κ-α, thus, ἔθηκα, ἔδωκα, ἧκα. The forms of the second aorist (756) are generally used in the dual …

accent of infinitive

§425 aACCENTInfinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives are verbal nouns (358), and hence do not regularly show recessive accent. a. Infinitives.—The following infinitives accent the penul…

system

§455TENSE-SUFFIXES, THEMATIC VOWEL, MOOD-SUFFIXESTense-Suffixes.—The tense-suffixes, which are added to the verb-stem to form the tense-stems, consist of the thematic vowel and certain other letters. No tense-suffixes are added t…

§§542–545(FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)The first aorist stem is formed by adding the tense suffix -σα to the verb-stem: ἔ-λῡ-σα I loosed, λῡ́σω, λῡ́σαιμι; ἔ-δειξα I showed, from δείκ-νῡ-μι. See 666. a. In verbs showing …

Active

second, accent of imperative

§424 bACCENTTo this general rule there are exceptions. a. Enclitics.—All the forms of φημί say, and εἰμί am, except φῄς and εἶ. b. Imperatives.—(1) The second person sing. of the second aorist…

§426 bACCENTExceptions to the recessive accent of compound verbs.—a. The accent cannot precede the augment or reduplication: ἄπειμι am absent, ἀπῆν was absent, εἰσ-ῆλθον they entered, ἀπ-ῆσαν …

of infinitive

§425 a N.ACCENTInfinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives are verbal nouns (358), and hence do not regularly show recessive accent. a. Infinitives.—The following infinitives accent the penul…

of participle

§425 bACCENTInfinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives are verbal nouns (358), and hence do not regularly show recessive accent. a. Infinitives.—The following infinitives accent the penul…

reduplication in

§439REDUPLICATIONReduplication is the doubling of the sound standing at the beginning of a word. It is used in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in all the moods, to denote complet…

§448, 448 DREDUPLICATIONReduplication in the Second Aorist.—ἄγω lead forms the second aorist ἤγ-αγον, ἀγ-άγω, ἀγ-άγοιμι, ἀγ-αγεῖν, middle ἠγ-αγόμην. So also ἤν-εγκα and ἤν-εγκον from φέρω. Hom. has many r…

§494 bCHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMReduplication.—The verb-stem may be reduplicated. a. In the present with ι: γι-γνώ-σκω (γνω-) know, τί-θη-μι place, ἵ-στη-μι set, δί-δω-μι give. The present reduplication may be ca…

system

§§546–554IV. SECOND AORIST SYSTEMThe second aorist is formed without any tense-suffix and only from the simple verb-stem. Only primitive verbs (372) have second aorists. Hom. has more second aorists than Attic, wh…

)( first aorist

§554NOTE ON THE SECOND AORIST AND SECOND PERFECTa. The second aorist and the second perfect are usually formed only from primitive verbs (372). These tenses are formed by adding the personal endings (inclusive of the thematic or…

inflection

§384I. (A) VOWEL VERBS:As examples of the second aorist and second perfect systems (368), the second aorist active and middle and the second perfect and pluperfect active of λείπω leave are here given. 2…

§§679–688SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (546)Most verbs in -ω inflect the second aorist according to the ω-conjugation; some inflect it according to the μι-conjugation.

§§756–761SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLEIndicative.—τίθημι, ῑ̔́ημι, δίδωμι use the short grade forms in dual and plural active: ἔ-θε-τον, ἔ-θε-μεν, ἔθε-σαν; εἷ-τον, εἷ-μεν, εἷ-σαν (for ἐ-ἑ-τον, etc.); ἔ-δο-μεν, ἔ-δο-σαν.…

Middle

first, stem

inflection

§§665–671FIRST AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (542)All vowel and consonant ω-verbs inflect the first aorist alike.

Middle

second, accent of imperative

§426 cACCENTExceptions to the recessive accent of compound verbs.—a. The accent cannot precede the augment or reduplication: ἄπειμι am absent, ἀπῆν was absent, εἰσ-ῆλθον they entered, ἀπ-ῆσαν …

of infinitive

§425 aACCENTInfinitives, participles, and verbal adjectives are verbal nouns (358), and hence do not regularly show recessive accent. a. Infinitives.—The following infinitives accent the penul…

§426 dACCENTExceptions to the recessive accent of compound verbs.—a. The accent cannot precede the augment or reduplication: ἄπειμι am absent, ἀπῆν was absent, εἰσ-ῆλθον they entered, ἀπ-ῆσαν …

inflection

§§679–688SECOND AORIST ACTIVE AND MIDDLE (546)Most verbs in -ω inflect the second aorist according to the ω-conjugation; some inflect it according to the μι-conjugation.

Passive

first, inflection

§§672–678FIRST AND SECOND AORIST PASSIVE (585, 590)All vowel and consonant verbs in -ω inflect the aorists passive alike, that is, according to the μι-conjugation, except in the subjunctive. a. Vowel verbs rarely form second aorist…

accent

with and without inserted σ

§489CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMInsertion of ς.—In the perfect middle and first aorist passive systems, verbs which retain a short final vowel and some others usually insert ς before the personal ending. Thus, τε…

stem

§§585–588FIRST AORIST PASSIVEThe stem of the first aorist passive is formed by adding -θη- (or -θε-) directly to the verb-stem: ἐ-λύ-θη-ν I was loosed, ἐ-φάν-θη-ν I was shown (φαίνω, φαν-), ἐ-δό-θη-ν I was giv…

in Homer

§1740PASSIVE VOICEIn Hom. all the second aorist forms in -ην are intransitive except ἐπλήγην and ἐτύπην was struck. Most of the forms in -θην are likewise intransitive in Hom., as ἐφάνθην appeared (…

Passive

second, stem

§§590–596SECOND AORIST PASSIVEThe stem of the second aorist passive is formed by adding -η- (or -ε-) directly to the verb-stem. Thus, ἐβλάβην I was injured from βλάπτω (βλαβ-). a. -η- appears in the indicative,…

inflection

origin

§1739PASSIVE VOICEThe second aorist passive was originally a second aorist active (of the -μι form) that was used intransitively to distinguish it from the transitive first aorist, as ἔφηνα showed, …

in Homer

Indicative

in unattainable wishes

§1780INDICATIVE WITHOUT ἄνUnattainable Wish.—A wish, referring to the present or past, which cannot be realized, is expressed by a past tense of the indicative with εἴθε or with εἰ γάρ (negative μή). The im…

with ἄν, past potential

§1784INDICATIVE WITH ἄνPast Potential.—The past tenses (usually the aorist, less commonly the imperfect) of the indicative with ἄν (κέν) denote past potentiality, probability (cautious statement), or nec…

with ἄν, of unreality

§§1786–1788INDICATIVE WITH ἄνUnreal Indicative.—The indicative of the historical tenses with ἄν (κέν) may denote unreality: τότε δ᾽ αὐτὸ τὸ πρᾶγμ᾽ ἂν ἐκρῑ́νετο ἐφ᾽ αὑτοῦ but the case would then have been decid…

expresses mere occurrence of a past action

§1923AORIST INDICATIVEThe aorist expresses the mere occurrence of an action in the past. The action is regarded as an event or single fact without reference to the length of time it occupied. ἐνῑ́κησαν …

ingressive

§1924AORIST INDICATIVEIngressive Aorist.—The aorist of verbs whose present denotes a state or a continued action, expresses the entrance into that state or the beginning of that action. a. This holds tr…

§1925AORIST INDICATIVEMost of the verbs in question are denominatives, and the forms are chiefly those of the first aorist:— ἄρχω rule ἦρξα became ruler βασιλεύω am king, rule ἐβασίλευσα became king, as…

resultative

§1926AORIST INDICATIVEResultative Aorist.—In contrast to the imperfect (and present) the aorist denotes the result, end, or effect of an action. Thus, ἤγαγον I brought, ἐβούλευσα I decided (ἐβούλευον I …

complexive

§1927AORIST INDICATIVEComplexive Aorist.—The complexive aorist is used to survey at a glance the course of a past action from beginning to end: τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ τὴν πόλιν ἐτείχισαν it was in this manner t…

with definite numbers

§1928AORIST INDICATIVEThe aorist is commonly used with definite numbers. The imperfect is, however, often employed when an action is represented as interrupted or as proceeding from one stage to another…

enumerating and reporting past events

§1929AORIST INDICATIVEThe aorist enumerates and reports past events. It may be employed in brief continuous narration (X. A. 1.9.6). As a narrative tense it is often used to state the chief events and f…

empiric

§1930AORIST INDICATIVEEmpiric Aorist.—With adverbs signifying often, always, sometimes, already, not yet, never, etc., the aorist expressly denotes a fact of experience (ἐμπειρίᾱ). πολλοὶ πολλάκις μειζό…

gnomic

§1931AORIST INDICATIVEGnomic Aorist (γνώμη maxim, proverb).—The aorist may express a general truth. The aorist simply states a past occurrence and leaves the reader to draw the inference from a concrete…

§2338Fifth Form of Conditions: PRESENT GENERAL CONDITIONSThe gnomic aorist is equivalent to the present indicative in apodosis. ἢν δέ τις τούτων τι παραβαίνῃ, ζημίᾱν αὐτοῖς ἐπέθεσαν but if any one ever transgresses any one of these regul…

§2567 aFifth Form PRESENT GENERAL CONDITIONAL RELATIVESPresent general conditional relative clauses have ἄν with the subjunctive. The main clause has the present indicative or an equivalent. νέος δ᾽ ἀπόλλυθ᾽ ὅντιν᾽ (= εἴ τινα) ἂν φιλῇ …

in general descriptions

§1932AORIST INDICATIVEAkin to the gnomic aorist is the aorist employed in general descritions. So in imaginary scenes and in descriptions of manners and custom Thus, ἐπειδὰν ἀφίκωνται οἱ τετελευτηκότες …

iterative

§1790INDICATIVE WITH ἄνIterative Indicative (repeated action).—The imperfect and aorist with ἄν are used to express repeated or customary past action (post-Homeric): διηρώτων ἄν I used to ask P. A. 22b, …

§1933AORIST INDICATIVEIterative Aorist.—With ἄν the aorist may denote repetition (1790) εἶπεν ἄν he used to say X. C. 7.1.14. Distinguish 2303.

§2341Sixth Form of Conditions: PAST GENERAL CONDITIONSThe iterative imperfect or aorist with ἄν (1894, 1933): εἰ δέ τις αὐτῷ περί του ἀντιλέγοι . . ., ἐπὶ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν ἐπανῆγεν ἂν πάντα τὸν λόγον if ever any one opposed him on any mat…

for future

§1934AORIST INDICATIVEAorist for Future.—The aorist may be substituted for the futur when a future event is vividly represented as having actually occurred: ἀπωλ<*> μην ἄρ᾽, εἴ με δὴ λείψεις I am undone…

in similes

§1935AORIST INDICATIVEAorist in Similes.—The aorist is used in similes in poetry, and usually contains the point of comparison. It may alternate with the present. Thus ἤριπε δ᾽ ὡς ὅτε τις δρῦς ἤριπεν he…

for present

§1936AORIST INDICATIVEAorist for Present.—The aorist is used in questions with τί οὖν ου and τί οὐ to express surprise that something has not been done. The question is here equivalent to a command or p…

dramatic

§1937AORIST INDICATIVEDramatic Aorist.—The first person singular of the aorist is used in the dialogue parts of tragedy and comedy to denote a state of mind or an act expressing a state of mind (especia…

with verbs of swearing, etc.

§1938AORIST INDICATIVEWith verbs of swearing, commanding, saying , and advising the aorist may denote a resolution that has already been formed by the speaker and remains unalterable: σὲ . . . εἶπον τῆσ…

with other verbs

§1939AORIST INDICATIVESo in other cases: πῶς τοῦτ᾽ ἔλεξας; οὐ κάτοιδ᾽ ὅπως λέγεις how saidst thou (what dost thou mean)? I do not know how thou meanest S. Aj. 270. Cp. νῦν with the aorist (B 113, Γ 439)…

for perfect

§1940AORIST INDICATIVEAorist for Perfect.—In Greek the aorist, which simply states a past occurrence, is often employed where English uses the perfect denoting a present condition resulting from a past …

translated by perfect

§1941AORIST INDICATIVEThe aorist may be translated by the perfect when the perfect has the force of a present (1946, 1947): ἐκτησάμην I have acquired (κέτκημαι I possess), ἐθαύμασα I have wondered (τεθα…

epistolary

§1942AORIST INDICATIVEEpistolary Tenses.—The writer of a letter or book, the dedicator of an offering, may put himself in the position of the reader or beholder who views the action as past: μετ᾽ Ἀρταβά…

for pluperfect

§1943AORIST INDICATIVEAorist for Pluperfect.—The aorist with many temporal and causal conjunctions, and in relative clauses, has the force of the Eng. pluperfect. So with ἐπεί, ἐπειδή after that, since,…

in subordinate clauses

§1944AORIST INDICATIVEIn subordinate clauses the action expressed by the aorist may be (a) contemporaneous, (b) antecedent, or (c) subsequent to that set forth by the main verb. The context alone decide…

of τυγχάνω, λανθάνω, φθάνω

§2096 bTHE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEτυγχάνω (poet. κυρῶ) happen, am just now, λανθάνω escape the notice of, am secretly, φθάνω anticipate, am beforehand. a. With these verbs the participle contains the main idea, and…

after μή and verb of fearing in Homer

§2233 bII. FEAR RELATING TO THE PRESENT OR PASTFear that something actually is or was is expressed by μή with the indicative (negative μὴ οὐ). δέδοικα . . . μὴ πληγῶν δέει I fear that you need a beating Ar. Nub. 493, ἀλλ᾽ ὅρᾱ μ…

after ὥστε

§2274ὥστε (ὡς) WITH A FINITE VERBὥστε so that with the indicative states the actual result of the action of the leading verb. This is especially common in narrative statements with the aorist tense. The negative i…

in unreal condition

§2305Second Form of Conditions: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONSThe aorist refers to a simple occurrence in the past. εἰ ταῦτα ἐποίησας, καλῶς ἂν ἐποίησας if you had done this, you would have done well. The implied opposite is an aorist (ἀλλ᾽ ο…

§§2307–2311Second Form of Conditions: PRESENT AND PAST UNREAL CONDITIONSIn reference to past time, the imperfect or aorist is used according as either tense would be used in an affirmative sentence not conditional. The pluperfect is commonly used when …

in apodosis of vivid future condition

§2326Third Form of Conditions: MORE VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONSThe apodosis of the more vivid future condition is the future indicative or any other form of the simple sentence that refers to future time. a. Future Indicative: ἐᾱ̀ν ζητῇς καλῶς…

after πρίν

§2434GENERAL RULE FOR πρίν BEFORE, UNTILπρίν is used with the aorist or (less often) with the imperfect indicative only when πρίν is equivalent to ἕως until; but, when the verb of the main clause is negatived, πρίν may b…

§2441 aπρίν WITH THE INDICATIVEπρίν in Attic prose takes the indicative of a definite past action when the verb of the principal clause is negative or implies a negative, rarely when it is affirmative. οὔτε τότε…

in similes and comparison

§2481 aSIMILES AND COMPARISONSὡς, ὡς εἰ, ὡς εἴ τε as if, ὡς ὅτε, ὡς ὁπότε as when are often used in poetry in similes and comparisons. a. The present and aorist indicative and subjunctive (usually without ἄν) a…

in subordinate clauses in indirect discourse

§2620COMPLEX SENTENCES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSESubordinate verbs in the imperfect, aorist (but see 2623 c, N. 3), or pluperfect indicative, and all optatives, remain unchanged. ἐπιστεῖλαι δὲ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τοὺς ἐφόρους . . . εἰπ…

§2623REMARKS ON THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF INDIRECT DISCOURSEPast Tenses in Indirect Discourse.—The following rules govern past tenses in indirect discourse. a. The potential indicative with ἄν, the indicative in a condition denoting unreali…

Subjunctive

in prohibition

§1800SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνProhibitive Subjunctive.—The subjunctive (in the second and third persons of the aorist) is often used to express prohibitions (negative μή). a. Usually in the second person: μηδὲν…

§1840NEGATIVE (PROHIBITIONS)Prohibitions are expressed by μή with the present or aorist subjunctive in the first person plural; by μή with the present imperative or the aorist subjunctive in the second and th…

§1841NEGATIVE (PROHIBITIONS)a. μὴ γράφε, like don't write, is ambiguous and may mean, according to the situation, either cease writing or abstain from writing. Commonly μὴ γράφε means do not go on writing, wr…

§2756 bοὐ μή(II) In strong prohibitions (cp. 1919). a. With the future indicative (second person singular). Thus, οὐ μὴ καταβήσει don't come down Ar. Vesp. 397. b. With the aorist subjunctive …

μή with, in Homer, to indicate fear, etc.

§1802SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνIn Hom. μή with the independent subjunctive is used to indicate fear and warning, or to suggest danger: μή τι χολωσάμενος ῥέξῃ κακὸν υἷας Ἀχαιῶν may he not (as I fear he may) in hi…

ὅπως μή with, to express command

§1803SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνὅπως μή is occasionally so used with the aorist subjunctive, and with an idea of command: ὅπως μὴ φήσῃ τις may no one say (as I fear he may) X. S. 4. 8. See 1921.

οὐ μή with, of emphatic denial

§1804SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνFrom the use in 1801 is probably developed the construction of οὐ μή with the aorist (less often the present) subjunctive to denote an emphatic denial; as οὐ μὴ παύσωμαι φιλοσοφῶν …

μὴ οὐ with

§1801SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνDoubtful Assertion.—The present subjunctive with μή may express a doubtful assertion, with μὴ οὐ a doubtful negation. The idea of apprehension or anxiety (real or assumed) is due t…

§2221OBJECT CLAUSES WITH VERBS OF FEARINGObject clauses after verbs of fear and caution are introduced by μή that, lest (Lat. ne), μὴ οὐ that . . . not, lest . . . not (Lat. ut = ne non). a. μή clauses denote a fear that …

§2225I. FEAR RELATING TO THE FUTUREObject clauses after verbs of fear and caution take the subjunctive after primary tenses, the optative (or subjunctive, 2226) after secondary tenses. φοβοῦμαι μὴ γένηται I fear it …

deliberative

§1805SUBJUNCTIVE WITHOUT ἄνDeliberative Subjunctive.—The deliberative subjunctive (present or aorist) is used in questions when the speaker asks what he is to do or say (negative μή). a. Usually in the first…

force

§1860THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVESubjunctive.—The subjunctive mood as such refers to the future. The tenses do not refer to differences of time, and denote only the stage of the action (continuance, simple occurre…

after πρίν

§2444 aπρίν WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE(I) πρίν takes the subjunctive with ἄν to denote a future action anticipated by the subject of the leading verb. The principal clause is negative, and contains any verb referring t…

force, in conditions

§2325Third Form of Conditions: MORE VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONSThe present subjunctive views an act as continuing (not completed); the aorist subjunctive as simply occurring (completed). Neither tense has any time of itself. The aorist subjunc…

§2336 bGENERAL CONDITIONSAny simple or unreal condition of present or past time, or any future condition, may refer to a customary or frequently repeated act or to a general truth. But for the present and …

Optative

of future realization of present fact

§1828OPTATIVE WITH ἄνThe present and aorist are used of what will be, or what will prove to be, true (future realization of a present fact): ἀρετὴ ἄρα, ὡς ἔοικεν, ὑγίειά τις ἂν εἴη virtue then, it seem…

of past possibility

§1829OPTATIVE WITH ἄνThe present and aorist are rarely used of the past: (a) in Hom. of past possibility: καί νύ κεν ἔνθ᾽ ἀπόλοιτο and now he might have perished E 311 (Attic ἀπώλετο ἄν, 1784), ἀλλὰ τί…

of mild assertion in past

force

§§1861–1863THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEOptative (not in indirect discourse).—The reference is always to future time. The tenses do not refer to differences of time, and denote only the stage of the action. Present (cont…

force, in conditions

§2331Fourth Form of Conditions: LESS VIVID FUTURE CONDITIONSThe present optative views an action as continuing (not completed); the aorist optative, as simply occurring (completed). (The future optative is never used except to represent a f…

Imperative

in prohibitions

force

§1864THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEImperative.—The imperative always implies future time. The tenses do not refer to differences of time, and denote only the stage of the action. a. Present (continuance): τοὺς γονεῖ…

in conditional relative sentence

§2573 cLESS USUAL FORMS OF CONDITIONAL RELATIVE SENTENCESThe optative in the relative clause with the present or future indicative or the imperative in the main clause (cp. 2359). With the present this occurs especially in general statem…

Infinitive

force

§§1865–1871THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEInfinitive (not in indirect discourse).—The tenses of the infinitive (without ἄν) not in indirect discourse have no time of themselves and express only the stage of the action; the…

after verbs of hoping, etc.

§1868THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEThe construction of verbs of hoping, etc.—Verbs signifying to hope, expect, promise, threaten, swear, with some others of like meaning, when they refer to a future event, take eith…

§1999A. Object Infinitive after Verbs of Will or DesireVerbs signifying to hope, expect, promise, threaten , and swear, when followed by the aorist (less often the present) infinitive (1868), have the construction of verbs of will or d…

§2024INFINITIVE AS OBJECT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEVerbs signifying to hope, expect, promise, threaten , and swear take the future infinitive in indirect discourse, and the aorist (less often the present) infinitive not in indirect…

with ὥστε

§2261ὥστε (RARELY ὡς) WITH THE INFINITIVEThe infinitive with ὥστε is usually present or aorist, rarely perfect (e.g. D. 18.257). The future is common only in indirect discourse (D. 19.72).

after πρίν

§2453 cπρίν WITH THE INFINITIVEπρίν takes the infinitive in Attic especially when the principal clause is affirmative. The infinitive must be used, even with negative clauses, when πρίν must mean only before (an…

Participle

force

§§1872–1874THE TENSES OUTSIDE OF THE INDICATIVEParticiple (not in indirect discourse).—The participle, as a verbal adjective, is timeless. The tenses of the participle express only continuance, simple occurrence, and completion…

with εἰμί, ἔχω, etc.

§§1962–1965PERIPHRASTIC TENSESThe aorist participle is rarely so used, since it denotes a single act, not a characteristic: ἦσαν δέ τινες καὶ γενόμενοι τῷ Νῑκίᾳ λόγοι πρότερον πρός τινας and communications betw…

rare in accusative absolute

§2076 A N., B N.GENITIVE ABSOLUTE. ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTEAccusative Absolute.—A participle stands in the accusative absolute, instead of the genitive, when it is impersonal, or has an infinitive as its subject (as under C). When imperson…

with τυγχάνω, λανθάνω, φθάνω

as predicate adjective

§2091THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLEThe present or perfect participle is often used as a simple predicate adjective, especially with εἰμί and γίγνομαι. The aorist participle is chiefly poetic. ἦσαν ἀπιστοῦντές τινες …

after ὁράω, ἀκούω

§2103THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT IN INDIRECT DISCOURSEWith περιορῶ (and sometimes with ἐφορῶ, εἰσορῶ, προῑ́εμαι), signifying overlook, allow. (But not with ἐῶ.) Cp. 2141. μείζω γιγνόμενον τὸν ἄνθρωπον περιορῶμεν we allow the man to gr…

§§2110–2112CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS OF PERCEIVING AND OF FINDINGVerbs of Perception.—Verbs signifying to see, perceive, hear, learn (i.e. learn by inquiry, hear of), when they denote physical (actual) perception take the participle. When they d…