Verbs

§§355–380INFLECTION: PRELIMINARY REMARKS (355-380)The Greek verb shows distinctions of voice, mood, verbal noun, tense, number, and person.

§§367–380STEMSA Greek verb has two kinds of stems: (1) the tense-stem, to which the endings are attached, and (2) a common verb-stem (also called theme) from which all the tense-stems are derive…

§372STEMSA verb forming its tense-stems directly from a root is called a primitive verb. A denominative verb forms its tense-stems from a longer verb-stem, originally a noun-stem; as δουλόω…

§372STEMSA verb forming its tense-stems directly from a root is called a primitive verb. A denominative verb forms its tense-stems from a longer verb-stem, originally a noun-stem; as δουλόω…

§§866–868DENOMINATIVE VERBSDenominative verbs are formed from the stems of nouns (substantives or adjectives). Verbs lacking such a noun-stem are made on the model of the ordinary denominative verb. The prin…

§892LAST PART OF A COMPOUNDAll compound verbs not compounded with prepositions are denominatives (ending in -εω) and formed from real or assumed compound nouns. From ναῦς ship and μάχη fight comes ναύμαχος f…

§§381–422STEMSCONJUGATION: LIST OF PARADIGMS I. Verbs in ω: A. Vowel verbs not contracted: Synopsis and conjugation of λῡ́ω (pp. 112-118). Second aorist (active and middle) of λείπω (p. 119). Se…

§§602–624FIRST CONJUGATION OR VERBS IN ΩVerbs in -ω have the thematic vowel -όε (-ώη-) between the tense-stem and the personal endings in the present system. The name “ω-conjugation,” or “thematic conjugation,” is applie…

§§717–743SECOND CONJUGATION OR VERBS IN MIVerbs in -μι usually have no thematic vowel between the tense-stem and the personal endings in the present system (except in the subjunctive). The name “μι-conjugation,” or “non-th…

§§423–427ACCENTSimple or compound verbs usually throw the accent as far back as the quantity of the last syllable permits (recessive accent, 159). λῡ́ω, λῡ́ομεν, ἐλῡόμην; παιδεύω, παιδεύουσι, ἐπα…

§§428–454AUGMENTThe augment (increase) denotes past time. It appears only in the secondary or past tenses of the indicative mood, namely, imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect. The augment has two for…

§§455–461TENSE-SUFFIXES, THEMATIC VOWEL, MOOD-SUFFIXESTense-Suffixes.—The tense-suffixes, which are added to the verb-stem to form the tense-stems, consist of the thematic vowel and certain other letters. No tense-suffixes are added t…

§§462–468ENDINGS OF THE VERB: PERSONAL ENDINGSTo make the complete verbal forms, to the tense-stems in the various moods are attached the personal endings in the finite moods and other endings in the infinitives, participles, …

§§469–473ENDINGS OF THE INFINITIVE, PARTICIPLE, AND VERBAL ADJECTIVEInfinitive.—The following are the endings added to the tense-stem to make the infinitive. a. -εν: in present and 2 aorist active of ω-verbs, all futures active. Thus, λῡ́ειν, τῑμᾶν…

§§474–601CHANGES IN THE VERB-STEMFrom the verb-stem (or theme) each tense-stem is formed by the addition of a tense-suffix (455) or of a prefix, or of both. In 475-495 certain modifications of the verb-stem are co…

§499FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASS(I) Presents with the thematic vowel (ω-verbs). The present stem is made by adding the thematic vowel όε- to the verb-stem, as λῡ́-ω, παιδεύ-ω, παύ-ω, μέν-ω, πείθ-ω, φεύγ-ω, and th…

§522III. LIQUID AND NASAL STEMSContracted Verbs and Some Verbs in -ιω, -υω.—a. Verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω, which for convenience have been treated under the first class, properly belong here, ι̯ (y) having been lost…

§500, 500 DFIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSThe final vowel of the verb-stem is long in the present indicative, but either long or short in the other tense-stems, of the following verbs in -υω or -ιω. 1. a. Verbs in -υω gene…

§501FIRST OR SIMPLE CLASSSeveral verbs with medial ῑ, ῡ in the present, show ῐ or ῑ, ῠ or ῡ in some other tense or tenses. Thus, θλῑ́βω press τέθλιφα, πνῑ́γω choke ἐπνίγην, τρῑ́βω rub τέτριφα ἐτρίβην, τῡ́φ…

§522III. LIQUID AND NASAL STEMSContracted Verbs and Some Verbs in -ιω, -υω.—a. Verbs in -αω, -εω, -οω, which for convenience have been treated under the first class, properly belong here, ι̯ (y) having been lost…

§505SECOND OR T CLASS (VERBS IN -πτω)The present stem is formed by adding -τόε- to the verbstem, which ends in π, β, or φ. The verb-stem is ascertained from the second aorist (if there is one) or from a word from the …

§506SECOND OR T CLASS (VERBS IN -πτω)Some of the verbs of this class add ε in the present or other tenses, as ῥῑπτέω throw, πεκτέω comb, τύπτω strike τυπήσω.

§§508–512I. PRESENTS IN -ζωDental Verb-stems.—Verb-stems in δ unite with ι̯ to form presents in -ζω (116), as φράζω tell (φραδ-ι̯ω), ἐλπίζω hope (ἐλπιδ-), κομίζω carry (κομιδ-ή a carrying), ὄζω smell (ὀδ-μή …

§§513–516II. PRESENTS IN -ττω (IONIC AND LATER ATTIC -σσω, 78)Palatal Verb-stems.—Stems ending in κ or χ unite with ι̯ to form presents in -ττω (-σσω). φυλάττω guard from φυλακ-ι̯ω (φυλακ-ή guard (112)); κηρῡ́ττω proclaim from κηρῡκ-ι̯ω (κῆρυ…

§§517–522III. LIQUID AND NASAL STEMS(I) Presents in -λλω are formed from verb-stems in λ, to which ι̯ is assimilated (110). Thus, ἀγγέλλω announce (ἀγγελ-ι̯ω), στέλλω send (στελ-ι̯ω).

§§523–525FOURTH OR N CLASSThe present stem of the N class is formed from the verbstem by the addition of a suffix containing ν. a. -νόε- is added: δάκ-νω bite, τέμ-νω cut. So δῡ́νω, κάμνω, πῑ́νω, πίτνω poet…

§§526–528FIFTH OR INCEPTIVE CLASS (VERBS IN -σκω)The present stem is formed by adding the suffix -σκόε- to the verb-stem if it ends in a vowel; -ισκόε- if it ends in a consonant. Thus, ἀρέ-σκω please, εὑρ-ίσκω find. a. This class…

§§625–716INFLECTION OF Ω-VERBSVerbs which end in ω in the first person present indicative active, and deponent verbs in which the personal endings are preceded by the thematic vowel, have the following peculiar…

§§744–767INFLECTION OF MI-VERBSVerbs in -μι differ in inflection from verbs in -ω in the present and second aorist systems and (rarely) in the second perfect system. Verbs in -μι have the following peculiarities…

§§768–799IRREGULAR MI-VERBSεἰμί (ἐσ-, cp. Lat. es-se) am has only the present and future systems. PRESENT IMPERFECT Indicative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Indicative Sing. 1 εἰμί ὦ εἴην ἦ or ἦν 2 εἶ ᾖς ε…

§§800–818PECULIARITIES IN THE USE OF THE VOICE-FORMS, ETC.Some verbs in the present appear in classical Greek in the active voice only, as βαίνω go, ἕρπω creep, τρέω tremble; others in the middle only, as ἅλλομαι leap, βούλομαι wish, κάθη…

§§819–821FORMS OF ONE VOICE IN THE SENSE OF ANOTHERIn some verbs showing 1st and 2nd aorist, or 1st and 2nd perfect, the first tenses are generally transitive, the second tenses generally intransitive. The future active of these ve…

§925AGREEMENT: THE CONCORDSThere are three concords in simple sentences: 1. A finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person (949). 2. A word in apposition with another word agrees with it in case …

§§949–972CONCORD OF SUBJECT AND PREDICATEA finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person. Thus, τοῦτο τὸ ψήφισμα ἐγένετο this bill was passed L. 13.56, ὃ δέδοικ᾽ ἐγὼ μὴ πάθηθ᾽ ῡ̔μεῖς which I fear lest you may s…

§2501 bCONCORD OF RELATIVE PRONOUNSA relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person; its case is determined by the construction of the clause in which it stands. οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ ἀνὴρ δ̀ς ἦλθ…

§§944–948Omission of the VerbEllipsis of the Copula.—The copulative verb εἶναι is often omitted, especially the forms ἐστί and εἰσί. This occurs chiefly a. In general or proverbial statements: κοινὴ ἡ τύχη καὶ…

§2520THE ANTECEDENT OF RELATIVE CLAUSESVerb omitted.—The verb of a relative clause is often omitted when it belongs also to the main clause. φίλους νομίζουσ᾽ οὕσπερ ἂν πόσις σέθεν (νομίζῃ φίλους) regarding as friends th…

§§1339–1411GENITIVE WITH VERBSThe genitive may serve as the immediate complement of a verb, or it may appear, as a secondary definition, along with an accusative which is the immediate object of the verb (920, …

§§1703–2152ACTIVE VOICEThe active voice represents the subject as performing the action of the verb: λούω I wash. a. Under action is included being, as ἡ ὁδὸς μακρᾱ́ ἐστι the way is long.