ADVERBS

Adverbs are of two kinds

a. Ordinary adverbs, denoting manner, degree, time, place, etc. Ordinary adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, and (rarely) substantives: ὄπισθεν γενόμενος getting behind X. A. 1.8.24, εὐθὺς ἐβόᾱ straightway he shouted 1. 8. 1, φανερὸν ἤδη already clear L. 4.6, πολὺ θᾶττον much more quickly X. A. 1.5.2, εὖ μάλα very easily 6. 1. 1, εἰκότως τρόπον τινά in a way reasonably D. 8.41, μάλα συμφορᾱ́ a great misfortune X. C. 4.2.5, μάλα στρατηγός an excellent general X. H. 6.2.39.

b. Sentence adverbs (or particles) are adverbs that affect the sentence as a whole or give emphasis to particular words of any kind. Greek has many sentence adverbs, some of which are treated more fully under Particles.

Such are words of interrogation (ἦ, ἆρα, μῶν); of affirmation and confidence (δή now, indeed, δῆτα surely, γέ at least, even, ἦ really, μήν in truth, νή surely, τοί surely); of uncertainty (ἴσως, πού, τάχα perhaps); of negation (οὐ, μή, οὔτοι, μήτοι, etc.); of limitation (ἄν 1761 ff.).

In the attributive position an ordinary adverb may serve as an adjective: ἐν τῷ πλησίον παραδείσῳ in the neighbouring park X. A. 2.4.16, ὁ ἐκεῖθεν ἄγγελος the messenger from that quarter P. R. 619b, ταραχὴ ἡ τότε the confusion of that time L. 6.35. See 1153 e. N.

a. An ordinary adverb qualifying a verb is often so used that it may be referred to the subject or object of the sentence where an adjective could stand. Thus, ὥστε . . . ὑπολαμβάνεσθαι μειζόνως ἢ κατὰ τὴν ἀξίᾱν so as to be regarded as greater (lit. in a greater way) than (according to) their deserts I. 11.24.

b. δίχα and χωρίς apart, ἑκάς far, ἐγγύς near and some other ordinary adverbs supply, with εἶναι or γίγνεσθαι, the place of missing adjectives. Thus, χωρὶς σοφίᾱ ἐστὶν ἀνδρείᾱς wisdom is different from courage P. Lach. 195a.

For adjectives used adverbially, see 1042; for degrees of comparison, 345, 1068; for the genitive or dative after adverbs, 1437 ff., 1499 ff.; for adverbs used as prepositions, 1700 ff.; for a relative adverb used with names of things as an equivalent of a relative pronoun preceded by ἐν, εἰς, ἐξ, see 2499.