THE CASES

Of the cases belonging to the Indo-European language, Greek has lost the free use of three: instrumental, locative, and ablative. A few of the forms of these cases have been preserved (341, 1449, 1535); the syntactical functions of the instrumental and locative were taken over by the dative; those of the ablative by the genitive. The genitive and dative cases are therefore composite or mixed cases.

N.—The reasons that led to the formation of composite cases are either (1) formal or (2) functional. Thus (1) χώρᾳ is both dat. and loc.; λόγοις represents the instr. λόγοις and the loc. λόγοισι; in consonantal stems both ablative and genitive ended in -ος; (2) verbs of ruling may take either the dat. or the loc., hence the latter case would be absorbed by the former; furthermore the use of prepositions especially with loc. and instr. was attended by a certain indifference as regards the form of the case.

Through the influence of one construction upon another it often becomes impossible to mark off the later from the original use of the genitive and dative. It must be remembered that since language is a natural growth and Greek was spoken and written before formal categories were set up by Grammar, all the uses of the cases cannot be apportioned with definiteness.

The cases fall into two main divisions. Cases of the Subject: nominative (and vocative). Cases of the Predicate: accusative, dative. The genitive may define either the subject (with nouns) or the predicate (with verbs). On the nominative, see 938 ff.

The content of a thought may be expressed in different ways in different languages. Thus, πείθω σε, but persuadeo tibi (in classical Latin): and even in the same language, the same verb may have varying constructions to express different shades of meaning.

The vocative is used in exclamations and in direct address: ὦ Ζεῦ καὶ θεοί oh Zeus and ye gods P. Pr. 310d, ἄνθρωπε my good fellow X. C. 2.2.7. The vocative forms an incomplete sentence (904 d).

a. The vocative is never followed immediately by δέ or γάρ.

In ordinary conversation and public speeches, the polite ὦ is usually added. Without ὦ the vocative may express astonishment, joy, contempt, a threat, or a warning, etc. Thus ἀκούεις Αἰσχίνη; d'ye hear, Aeschines? D. 18.121. But this distinction is not always observed, though in general ὦ has a familiar tone which was unsuited to elevated poetry.

The vocative is usually found in the interior of a sentence. At the beginning it is emphatic. In prose ἔφη, in poetry ὦ, may stand between the vocative and an attributive or between an attributive and the vocative; in poetry ὦ may be repeated for emphasis.

In late poetry a predicate adjective may be attracted into the vocative: ὄλβιε κῶρε γένοιο blessed, oh boy, mayest thou be Theocr. 17. 66. Cp. Matutine pater seu Iane libentius audis Hor. S. 2. 6. 20.

By the omission of σύ or ῡ̔μεῖς the nominative with the article may stand in apposition to a vocative: ὦ ἄνδοες οἱ παρόντες you, gentlemen, who are present P. Pr. 337c, ὦ Κῦρε καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι Πέρσαι Cyrus and the rest of you Persians X. C. 3.3.20; and in apposition to the pronoun in the verb: ὁ παῖς, ἀκολούθει boy, attend me Ar. Ran. 521.

The nominative may be used in exclamations as a predicate with the subject unexpressed: ὦ πικρὸς θεοῖς oh loathed of heaven S. Ph. 254, φίλος ὦ Μενέλᾱε ah dear Menelaus Δ 189; and connected with the vocative by and: ὦ πόλις καὶ δῆμε oh city and people Ar. Eq. 273. In exclamations about a person: ὢ γενναῖος oh the noble man P. Phae. 227c.

a. οὗτος is regular in address: οὗτος, τί πάσχεις, ὦ Ξανθίᾱ; ho there, I say, Xanthias, what is the matter with you? Ar. Vesp. 1; ὦ οὗτος, Αἴᾱς ho there, I say, Ajax S. Aj. 89.

The genitive most commonly limits the meaning of substantives, adjectives, and adverbs, less commonly that of verbs.

Since the genitive has absorbed the ablative it includes (1) the genitive proper, denoting the class to which a person or thing belongs, and (2) the ablatival genitive.

a. The name genitive is derived from casus genitivus, the case of origin, the inadequate Latin translation of γενικὴ πτῶσις case denoting the class.

A substantive in the genitive limits the meaning of a substantive on which it depends.

The genitive limits for the time being the scope of the substantive on which it depends by referring it to a particular class or description, or by regarding it as a part of a whole. The genitive is akin in meaning to the adjective and may often be translated by an epithet. Cp. στέφανος χρῡσίου with χρῡσοῦς στέφανος, φόβος πολεμίου with πολέμιος φόβος, τὸ εὖρος πλέθρου with τὸ εὖρος πλεθριαῖον (1035). But the use of the adjective is not everywhere parallel to that of the genitive.

In poetry a genitive is often used with βίᾱ, μένος, σθένος might, etc., instead of the corresponding adjective: βίη Διομήδεος mighty Diomede E 781.

In poetry δέμας form, κάρᾱ and κεφαλή head, etc., are used with a genitive to express majestic or loved persons or objects: Ἰσμήνης κάρᾱ S. Ant. 1.

χρῆμα thing is used in prose with a genitive to express size, strength, etc.: σφενδονητῶν πάμπολύ τι χρῆμα a very large mass of slingers X. C. 2.1.5. Cp. 1322.

The genitive with substantives denotes in general a connection or dependence between two words. This connection must often be determined (1) by the meaning of the words, (2) by the context, (3) by the facts presupposed as known (1301). The same construction may often be placed under more than one of the different classes mentioned below; and the connection between the two substantives is often so loose that it is difficult to include with precision all cases under specific grammatical classes.

a. The two substantives may be so closely connected as to be equivalent to a single compound idea: τελευτὴ τοῦ βίου ‘life-end’ (cp. life-time) X. A. 1.1.1. Cp. 1146.

b. The genitive with substantives has either the attributive (1154), or, in the case of the genitive of the divided whole (1306), and of personal pronouns (1185), the predicate, position (1168).

Words denoting number, especially numerals or substantives with numerals, often agree in case with the limited word instead of standing in the genitive: φόρος τέσσαρα τάλαντα a tribute of four talents T. 4.57 (cp. 1323), ἐς τᾱ̀ς ναῦς, αἳ ἐφρούρουν δύο, καταφυγόντες fleeing to the ships, two of which were keeping guard 4. 113. So with οἱ μέν, οἱ δέ in apposition to the subject (981).

The genitive denotes ownership, possession, or belonging: ἡ οἰκίᾱ ἡ Σίμωνος the house of Simon L. 3.32, ὁ Κῡ́ρου στόλος the expedition of Cyrus X. A. 1.2.5. Cp. the dative of possession (1476).

Here may be classed the genitive of origin: οἱ Σόλωνος νόμοι the laws of Solon D. 20.103, ἡ ἐπιστολὴ τοῦ Φιλίππου the letter of Philip 18. 37, κῡ́ματα παντοίων ἀνέμων waves caused by all kinds of winds B 396.

The possessive genitive is used with the neuter article (singular or plural) denoting affairs, conditions, power, and the like: τὸ τῶν ἐφόρων the power of the ephors P. L. 712d, τὸ τῆς τέχνης the function of the art P. G. 450c, τὸ τοῦ Σόλωνος the maxim of Solon P. Lach. 188b, ἄδηλα τὰ τῶν πολέμων the chances of war are uncertain T. 2.11, τὰ τῆς πόλεως the interests of the State P. A. 36c, τὰ τοῦ δήμου φρονεῖ is on the side of the people Ar. Eq. 1216. Sometimes this is almost a mere periphrasis for the thing itself: τὸ τῆς τύχης chance D. 4.12 τὰ τῆς σωτηρίᾱς safety 23. 163, τὸ τῆς ὁσίᾱς, ὁτιδήποτ᾽ ἐστί the quality of holiness, whatever it is 21. 126, τὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων ἡμῶν we elders P. L. 657d. So τὸ τούτου S. Aj. 124 is almost = οὗτος, as τοὐμόν is = ἐγώ or ἐμέ. Cp. L. 8.19.

The genitive of possession may be used after a demonstrative or relative pronoun: τοῦτό μου διαβάλλει he attacks this action of mine D. 18.28.

With persons the genitive may denote the relation of child to parent, wife to husband, and of inferior to superior: Θουκῡδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου Thucydides, the son of Olorus T. 4.104 (and so υιός is regularly omitted in Attic official documents), Διὸς Ἄρτεμις Artemis, daughter of Zeus S. Aj. 172, ἡ Σμῑκυθίωνος Μελιστίχη Melistiche wife of Smicythion Ar. Eccl. 46, Αῡδὸς ὁ Φερεκλέους Lydus, the slave of Pherecles And. 1.17, οἱ Μένωνος the troops of Menon X. A. 1.5.13 (οἱ τοῦ Μένωνος στρατιῶται 1. 5. 11).

a. In poetry we may have an attributive adjective: Τελαμώνιος Αἴᾱς ( = Αἴᾱς ὁ Τελαμῶνος) B 528. Cp. 846 f.

The word on which the possessive genitive depends may be represented by the article: ἀπὸ τῆς ἑαυτῶν from their own country (γῆς) T. 1.15 (cp. 1027 b). A word for dwelling (οἰκίᾱ, δόμος, and also ἱερόν) is perhaps omitted after ἐν, εἰς, and sometimes after ἐξ. Thus, ἐν Ἀρίφρονος at Ariphron's P. Pr. 320a, ἐν Διονῡ́σου (scil. ἱερῷ) at the shrine of Dionysus D. 5.7, εἰς διδασκάλου φοιτᾶν to go to school X. C. 2.3.9, ἐκ Πατροκλέους ἔρχομαι I come from Patroclus's Ar. Plut. 84. So, in Homer, εἰν(εἰς) Ἀίδᾱο.

The genitive may be connected with the noun it limits by means of a verb.

Ἱπποκράτης ἐστὶ οἰκίᾱς μεγάλης Hippocrates is of an influential house P. Pr. 316b, Βοιωτῶν ἡ πόλις ἔσται the city will belong to the Boeotians L. 12.58, ἡ Ζέλειά ἐστι τῆς Ἀσίᾱς Zelea is in Asia D. 9.43, οὐδὲ τῆς αὐτῆς Θρᾴκης ἐγένοντο nor did they belong to the same Thrace T. 2.29, ἃ διώκει τοῦ ψηφίσματος, ταῦτ᾽ ἐστίν the clauses in the bill which he attacks, are these D. 18.56.

The genitive with εἰμί may denote the person whose nature, duty, custom, etc., it is to do that set forth in an infinitive subject of the verb: πενίᾱν φέρειν οὐ παντός, ἀλλ᾽ ἀνδρὸς σοφοῦ 'tis the sage, not every one, who can bear poverty Men. Sent. 463, δοκεῖ δικαίου τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι πολῑ́του this seems to be the duty of a just citizen D. 8.72, τῶν νῑκώντων ἐστὶ καὶ τὰ ἑαυτῶν σῴζειν καὶ τὰ τῶν ἡττωμένων λαμβάνειν it is the custom of conquerors to keep what is their own and to take the possessions of the defeated X. A. 3.2.39.

With verbs signifying to refer or attribute, by thought, word, or action, anything to a person or class. Such verbs are to think, regard, make, name, choose, appoint, etc.

λογίζου . . . τὰ δ᾽ ἄλλα τῆς τύχης deem that the rest belongs to chance E. Alc. 789, τῶν ἐλευθερωτάτων οἴκων νομισθεῖσα deemed a daughter of a house most free E. And. 12, ἐμὲ γράφε τῶν ἱππεύειν ὑπερεπιθῡμούντων put me down as one of those who desire exceedingly to serve on horseback X. C. 4.3.21, τῆς πρώτης τάξεως τεταγμένος assigned to the first class L. 14.11, τῆς ἀγαθῆς τύχης τῆς πόλεως εἶναι τίθημι I reckon as belonging to the good fortune of the State D. 18.254, εἰ δέ τινες τὴν Ἀσίᾱν ἑαυτῶν ποιοῦνται but if some are claiming Asia as their own X. Ages. 1.33, νομίζει ῡ̔μᾶς ἑαυτοῦ εἶναι he thinks that you are in his power X. A. 2.1.11.

The genitive may denote a whole, a part of which is denoted by the noun it limits. The genitive of the divided whole may be used with any word that expresses or implies a part.

The genitive of the whole stands before or after the word denoting the part: τῶν Θρᾳκῶν πελτασταί targeteers of the Thracians T. 7.27, οἱ ἄποροι τῶν πολῑτῶν the needy among the citizens D. 18.104; rarely between the limited noun and its article: οἱ τῶν ἀδίκων ἀφικνούμενοι those of the unrighteous who come here P. G. 525c. Cp. 1161 N. 1.

When all are included there is no partition: so in οὗτοι πάντες all of these, all these, τέτταρες ἡμεῖς ἦμεν there were four of us, τὸ πᾶν πλῆθος τῶν ὁπλῑτῶν the entire body of the hoplites T. 8.93, ὅσοι ἐστὲ τῶν ὁμοίων as many of you as belong to the ‘peers’ X. A. 4.6.14.

The idea of division is often not explicitly stated. See third example in 1310.

(I) The genitive of the divided whole is used with substantives.

μέρος τι τῶν βαρβάρων some part of the barbarians T. 1.1, οἱ Δωριῆς ἡμῶν those of us who are Dorians 4. 61. The governing word may be omitted: Ἀρχίᾱς τῶν Ἡρᾱκλειδῶν Archias (one) of the Heraclidae T. 6.3. To an indefinite substantive without the article may be added a genitive denoting the special sort: Φεραύλᾱς Πέρσης τῶν δημοτῶν Pheraulas, a Persian, one of the common people X. C. 2.3.7.

τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐς Οἰνόην to Oenoë in Attica T. 2.18 (or ἐς Οἰνόην τῆς Ἀττικῆς, not ἐς τῆς Ἀττικῆς Οἰνόην), τῆς Ἰταλίᾱς Αοκροί the Locrians in Italy 3. 86. The article, which is always used with the genitive of the country (as a place well known), is rarely added to the governing substantive (τὸ Κήναιον τῆς Εὐβοίᾱς Cenaeum in Euboea T. 3.93).

(II) With substantive adjectives and participles.

οἱ ἄδικοι τῶν ἀνθρώπων the unjust among men D. 27.68 (but always οἱ θνητοὶ ἄνθρωποι), μόνος τῶν πρυτάνεων alone of the prytans P. A. 32b, ὀλίγοι αὐτῶν few of them X. A. 3.1.3, τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων ὁ βουλόμενος whoever of the rest of the Greeks so desires T. 3.92. So τὸ καταντικρὺ αὐτῶν τοῦ σπηλαίου the part of the cavern facing them P. R. 515a. For nihil novi the Greek says οὐδὲν καινόν.

Adjectives denoting magnitude, and some others, may conform in gender to the genitive, instead of appearing in the neuter: ἔτεμον τῆς γῆς τὴν πολλήν they ravaged most of the land T. 2.56, τῆς γῆς ἡ ἀρίστη the best of the land 1. 2. This construction occurs more frequently in prose than in poetry.

But such adjectives, especially when singular, may be used in the neuter: τῶν Ἀργείων λογάδων τὸ πολύ the greater part of the picked Argives T. 5.73, ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς χώρᾱς over a great part of the land 4. 3.

(III) With comparatives and superlatives.

ἡμῶν ὁ γεραίτερος the elder of us X. C. 5.1.6 (1066 b), οἱ πρεσβύτατοι τῶν στρατηγῶν the oldest of the generals X. A. 3.3.11, σῑ́τῳ πάντων ἀνθρώπων πλείστῳ χρώμεθ᾽ ἐπεισάκτῳ we make use of imported grain more than all other people D. 18.87. So with a superlative adverb: ἡ ναῦς ἄριστά μοι ἔπλει παντὸς τοῦ στρατοπέδου my ship was the best sailer of the whole squadron L. 21.6.

In poetry this use is extended to positive adjectives: ἀριδείκετος ἀνδρῶν conspicuous among men A 248, ὦ φίλᾱ γυναικῶν oh dear among women E. Alc. 460. In tragedy an adjective may be emphasized by the addition of the same adjective in the genitive: ἄρρητ᾽ ἀρρήτων horrors unspeakable S. O. T. 465. Cp. 1064.

(IV) With substantive pronouns and numerals.

οἱ μὲν αὐτῶν, οἱ δ᾽ οὔ some of them and not others P. A. 24e, οἳ ὕστερον ἐλήφθησαν τῶν πολεμίων those of the enemy who were taken later X. A. 1.7.13, οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων no one in the world P. S. 220a, τὶ τοῦ τείχους a part of the wall T. 7.4, τὶς θεῶν one of the gods E. Hec. 164 (τὶς θεός a god X. C. 5.2.12), ἓν τῶν πολλῶν one of the many things P. A. 17a; rarely after demonstrative pronouns: τούτοις τῶν ἀνθρώπων to these (of) men T. 1.71.

a. With ὀλίγοι and with numerals ἀπό and ἐξ are rarely added: ἐκ τριῶν ἕν one of three S. Tr. 734. ἐξ with superlatives is also rare. See also 1688. 1 c.

The genitive of the divided whole may do duty as the subject of a finite verb (928 b) or of the infinitive: (ἔφασαν) ἐπιμειγνύναι σφῶν πρὸς ἐκείνους they said that some of their number associated with them X. A. 3.5.16.

ἦν δ᾽ αὐτῶν Φαλῖνος and among them was Phalinus X. A. 2.1.7, Σόλων τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφιστῶν ἐκλήθη Solon was called one of the Seven Sages I. 15.235, τῶν ἀτοπωτάτων ἂν εἴη it would be very strange D. 1.26; and often with verbs signifying to be, become, think, say, name, choose. With some of these verbs εἷς with the genitive may be used instead of the genitive alone.

The genitive to denote quality occurs chiefly as a predicate.

ἐὼν τρόπου ἡσυχίου being of a peaceful disposition Hdt. 1.107, οἱ δέ τινες τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης ὀλίγοι κατέφυγον but some few of the same opinion fled T. 3.70, ταῦτα παμπόλλων ἐστὶ λόγων this calls for a thorough discussion P. L. 642a, θεωρήσατ᾽ αὐτόν, μὴ ὁποτέρου τοῦ λόγου, ἀλλ᾽ ὁποτέρου τοῦ βίου ἐστίν consider, not the manner of his speech, but the manner of his life Aes. 3.168, εἰ δοκεῖ ταῦτα καὶ δαπάνης μεγάλης καὶ πόνων πολλῶν καὶ πρᾱγματείᾱς εἶναι if these matters seem to involve great expense and much toil and trouble D. 8.48.

a. The attributive use occurs in poetry: χόρτων εὐδένδρων Εὐρώπᾱς Europe with its pastures amid fair trees E. I. T. 134, λευκῆς χιόνος πτέρυξ a wing white as snow (of white snow) S. Ant. 114.

The use of the genitive to express quality, corresponding to the Latin genitive, occurs in the non-predicate position, only when age or size is exactly expressed by the addition of a numeral (genitive of measure, 1325). The Latin genitive of quality in mulier mirae pulchritudinis is expressed by γυνὴ θαυμασίᾱ κάλλος (or τοῦ κάλλους), γυνὴ θαυμασίᾱ ἰδεῖν, γυνὴ ἔχουσα θαυμάσιον σχῆμα, etc.

The genitive of an explicit word may explain the meaning of a more general word.

Ῑ̓λίου πόλις E 642, as urbs Romae, ἄελλαι παντοίων ἀνέμων blasts formed of winds of every sort ε 292. This construction is chiefly poetic, but in prose we find ὑὸς μέγα χρῆμα a monster (great affair, 1294) of a boar Hdt. 1.36, τὸ ὄρος τῆς Ἰστώνης Mt. Istone T. 4.46 (very rare, 1142 c). An articular infinitive in the genitive often defines the application of a substantive: ἀμαθίᾱ ἡ τοῦ οἴεσθαι εἰδέναι ἃ οὐκ οἶδεν the ignorance of thinking one knows what one does not know P. A. 29b.

a. But with ὄνομα the person or thing named is usually in apposition to ὄνομα: τῷ δὲ νεωτάτῳ ἐθέμην ὄνομα Καλλίστρατον I gave the youngest the name Callistratus D. 43.74.

The genitive expresses material or contents.

ἕρκος ὀδόντων the fence (consisting) of the teeth Δ 350, κρήνη ἡδέος ὕδατος a spring of sweet water X. A. 6.4.4, σωροὶ σῑ́του, ξύλων, λίθων heaps of corn, wood, stones X. H. 4.4.12, ἑξακόσια τάλαντα φόρου six hundred talents in taxes T. 2.13 (cp. 1296).

Predicate Use: στεφάνους ῥόδων ὄντας, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ χρῡσίου crowns that were of roses, not of gold D. 22.70, ἐστρωμένη ἐστὶ ὁδὸς λίθου a road was paved with stone Hdt. 2.138, and often with verbs of making, which admit also the instrumental dative. Hdt. has ποιεῖσθαι ἀπό and ἔκ τινος.

The genitive denotes measure of space, time, or degree.

ὀκτὼ σταδίων τεῖχος a wall eight stades long T. 7.2, πέντε ἡμερῶν σῑτία provisions for five days 7. 43 (cp. fossa pedum quindecim, exilium decem annorum Less commonly with a neuter adjective or pronoun: ἐπὶ μέγα ἐχώρησαν δυνά<*> they advanced to a great pitch of power T. 1.118, τὶ δόξης some honour (aliq<*> famae) 1. 5, ἀμήχανον εὐδαιμονίᾱς (something infinite in the way of happiness) infinite happiness P. A. 41c (with emphasis on the adj.). But the phrases εἰς τοῦτο, εἰς τοσοῦτο ἀφικέσθαι (ἤκειν, ἐλθεῖν, προσβαίνειν, usually with a personal subject) followed by the genitive of abstracts are common: εἰς τοῦτο θράσους ἀφῑ́κετο he reached such a pitch of boldness D. 21.194, ἐν παντὶ ἀθῡμίᾱς in utter despondency T. 7.55, ἐν τούτῳ παρασκευῆς in this stage of preparation 2. 17, κατὰ τοῦτο καιροῦ at that critical moment 7. 2. The article with this genitive is unusual in classical Greek: εἰς τοῦτο τῆς ἡλικίᾱς to this stage of life L. 5.3. Some of these genitives may also be explained by 1306.

Under the head of measure belongs amount: δυοῖν μναῖν πρόσοδος an income of two minae X. Vect. 3.10. Cp. 1296, 1323.

ἐπειδὰν ἐτῶν ᾖ τις τριᾱ́κοντα when a man is thirty years old P. L. 721a, τὰ τείχη ἦν σταδίων ὀκτώ the walls were eight stades long T. 4.66.

In poetry an adjective may take the place of the genitive: νόστος ὁ βασίλειος the return of the king A. Pers. 8. Cp. 1291.

The Subjective Genitive is active in sense: τῶν βαρβάρων φόβος the fear of the barbarians (which they feel: οἱ βάρβαροι φοβοῦνται) X. A. 1.2.17, ἡ βασιλέως ἐπιορκίᾱ the perjury of the king (βασιλεὺς ἐπιορκεῖ) 3. 2. 4, τὸ ὀργιζόμενον τῆς γνώμης their angry feelings T. 2.59 (such genitives with substantive participles are common in Thucydides; cp. 1153 b, N. 2).

The Objective Genitive is passive in sense, and is very common with substantives denoting a frame of mind or an emotion: φόβος τῶν Εἱλώτων the fear of the Helots (felt towards them: φοβοῦνται τοὺς Εἵλωτας) T. 3.54, ἡ τῶν Ἑλλήνων εὔνοια good-will towards the Greeks (εὐνοεῖ τοῖς Ἕλλησι) X. A. 4.7.20, ἡ τῶν καλῶν συνουσίᾱ intercourse with the good (σύνεισι τοῖς καλοῖς) P. L. 838a.

a. The objective genitive often precedes another genitive on which it depends: μετὰ τῆς ξυμμαχίᾱς τῆς αἰτήσεως with the request for an alliance T. 1.32.

Various prepositions are used in translating the objective genitive: ὁ θεῶν πόλεμος war with the gods X. A. 2.5.7, ὅρκοι θεῶν oaths by the gods E. Hipp. 657, θεῶν εὐχαί prayers to the gods P. Phae. 244e, ἀδικημάτων ὀργή anger at injustice L. 12.20, ἐγκράτεια ἡδονῆς moderation in pleasure I. 1.21, ἡ τῶν ἡδονῶν νῑ́κη victory over pleasures P. L. 840c, τρόπαια βαρβάρων memorials of victory over barbarians X. A. 7.6.36, παραινέσεις τῶν ξυναλλαγῶν exhortations to reconciliation T. 4.59, μῦθος φίλων tidings about friends S. Ant. 11, σοῦ μῦθος speech with thee S. O. C. 1161. In θανάτου λύσις release from death ι 421, μεταπαυσωλὴ πολέμοιο respite from war T 201, it is uncertain whether the genitive is objective or ablatival (1392).

The objective genitive is often used when a prepositional expression, giving greater precision, is more usual: τὸ Μεγαρέων ψήφισμα the decree relating to (περί) the Megarians T. 1.140, ἀπόβασις τῆς γῆς a descent upon the land (ἐς τὴν γῆν) 1. 108, ἀπόστασις τῶν Ἀθηναίων revolt from the Athenians (ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων) 8. 5.

For the objective genitive a possessive pronoun is sometimes used: σὴν χάριν for thy sake P. Soph. 242a, διαβολὴ ἡ ἐμή calumniation of me P. A. 20e. ὁ ἐμὸς φόβος is usually objective: the fear which I inspire. (But σοῦ μῦθος speech with thee S. O. C. 1161.)

οὐ τῶν κακούργων οἶκτος, ἀλλὰ τῆς δίκης compassion is not for wrong-doers, but for justice E. fr. 270.

The genitive expresses value.

ἱερὰ τριῶν ταλάντων offerings worth three talents L. 30.20, χῑλίων δραχμῶν δίκην φεύγω I am defendant in an action involving a thousand drachmas D. 55.25.

Predicate Use: τοὺς αἰχμαλώτους τοσούτων χρημάτων λῡ́εσθαι to ransom the captives at so high a price D. 19.222, τριῶν δραχμῶν πονηρὸς ὤν a threepenny rogue 19. 200.

Two genitives expressing different relations may be used with one noun.

οἱ ἄνθρωποι διὰ τὸ αὑτῶν δέος τοῦ θανάτου καταψεύδονται by reason of their fear of death men tell lies P. Ph. 85a, Διονῡ́σου πρεσβῡτῶν χορός a chorus of old men in honour of Dionysus P. L. 665b, ἡ τοῦ Αάχητος τῶν νεῶν ἀρχή Laches' command of the fleet T. 3.115, ἡ Φαιᾱ́κων προενοίκησις τῆς Κερκῡ́ρᾱς the former occupation of Corcyra by the Phaeacians 1.25.

The genitive may serve as the immediate complement of a verb, or it may appear, as a secondary definition, along with an accusative which is the immediate object of the verb (920, 1392, 1405).

The subject of an active verb governing the genitive may become the subject of the passive construction: Νῑκήρατος ἐρῶν τῆς γυναικὸς ἀντερᾶται Niceratus, who is in love with his wife, is loved in return X. S. 8. 3. Cp. 1745 a.

A verb may be followed by the partitive genitive if the action affects the object only in part. If the entire object is affected, the verb in question takes the accusative.

Ἀδρήστοιο δ᾽ ἔγημε θυγατρῶν he married one of Adrastus' daughters Ξ 121, τῶν πώλων λαμβάνει he takes some of the colts X. A. 4.5.35, λαβόντες τοῦ βαρβαρικοῦ στρατοῦ taking part of the barbarian force 1. 5. 7, κλέπτοντες τοῦ ὄρους seizing part of the mountain secretly 4. 6. 15 (cp. τοῦ ὄρους κλέψαι τι 4. 6. 11), τῆς γῆς ἔτεμον they ravaged part of the land T. 2.56 (cp. τὴν γῆν πᾶσαν ἔτεμον 2. 57 and ἔτεμον τῆς γῆς τὴν πολλήν 2. 56), κατεᾱ́γη τῆς κεφαλῆς he had a hole knocked somewhere in his head Ar. Vesp. 1428 (τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεᾱγέναι to have one's head broken D. 54.35).

With impersonals a partitive genitive does duty as the subject: πολέμου οὐ μετῆν αὐτῇ she had no share in war X. C. 7.2.28, ἐμοὶ οὐδαμόθεν προσήκει τούτου τοῦ πρᾱ́γματος I have no part whatever in this affair And. 4.34. Cp. 1318.

The genitive is used with verbs of sharing.

πάντες μετεῖχον τῆς ἑορτῆς all took part in the festival X. A. 5.3.9, μετεδίδοσαν ἀλλήλοις ὧν (= τούτων ἃ) εἶχον ἕκαστοι they shared with each other what each had 4. 5. 6, τὸ ἀνθρώπινον γένος μετείληφεν ἀθανασίᾱς the human race has received a portion of immortality P. L. 721b, σῑ́του κοινωνεῖν to take a share of food X. M. 2.6.22, δικαιοσύνης οὐδὲν ῡ̔μῖν προσήκει you have no concern in righteous dealing X. H. 2.4.40, πολῑτείᾱ, ἐν ᾗ πένησιν οὐ μέτεστιν ἀρχῆς a form of government in which the poor have no part in the management of affairs P. R. 550c. So with μεταλαγχάνειν get a share (along with somebody else), συναίρεσθαι and κοινοῦσθαι take part in, μεταιτεῖν and μεταποιεῖσθαι demand a share in.

The part received or taken, if expressed, stands in the accusative. οἱ τύραννοι τῶν μεγίστων ἀγαθῶν ἐλάχιστα μετέχουσι tyrants have the smallest por- tion in the greatest blessings X. Hi. 2.6, τούτων μεταιτεῑ τὸ μέρος he demands his share of this Ar. Vesp. 972.

a. With μέτεστι the part may be added in the nominative: μέτεστι χῡ̓μῖν τῶν πεπρᾱγμένων μέρος ye too have had a share in these doings E. I. T. 1299.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to touch, take hold of, make trial of.

(ἡ νόσος) ἥψατο τῶν ἀνθρώπων the plague laid hold of the men T. 2.48, τῆς γνώμης τῆς αὐτῆς ἔχομαι I hold to the same opinion 1. 140, ἐν τῇ ἐχομένῃ ἐμοῦ κλῑ́νῃ on the couch next to me P. S. 217d, ἀντιλάβεσθε τῶν πρᾱγμάτων take our public policy in hand D. 1.20, ὅπως πειρῷντο τοῦ τείχους to make an attempt on (a part of) the wall T. 2.81. So with ψαύειν touch (rare in prose), ἀντέχεσθαι cling to, ἐπιλαμβάνεσθαι and συλλαμβάνεσθαι lay hold of.

The genitive of the part, with the accusative of the person (the whole) who has been touched, is chiefly poetical: τὸν δὲ πεσόντα ποδῶν ἔλαβε but him as he fell, he seized by his feet Δ 463, ἔλαβον τῆς ζώνης τὸν Ὀρόντᾱν they took hold of Orontas by the girdle X. A. 1.6.10 (but μοῦ λαβόμενος τῆς χειρός taking me by the hand P. Charm. 153b), ἄγειν τῆς ἡνίᾱς τὸν ἵππον to lead the horse by the bridle X. Eq. 6.9 (cp. βοῦν δ᾽ ἀγέτην κεράων they led the cow by the horns γ 439).

Verbs of beseeching take the genitive by analogy to verbs of touching: ἐμὲ λισσέσκετο γούνων she besought me by (clasping) my knees I 451 (cp. γενείου ἁψάμενος λίσσεσθαι beseech by touching his chin K 454).

The genitive is used with verbs of beginning.

a. Partitive: ἔφη Κῦρον ἄρχειν τοῦ λόγου ὧδε he said that Cyrus began the discussion as follows X. A. 1.6.5, τοῦ λόγου ἤρχετο ὧδε he began his speech as follows 3. 2. 7. On ἄρχειν as distinguished from ἄρχεσθαι see 1734. 5.

b. Ablatival (1391) denoting the point of departure: σέο δ᾽ ἄρξομαι I will make a beginning with thee I 97. In this sense ἀπό or ἐξ is usually added: ἀρξάμενοι ἀπὸ σοῦ D. 18.297, ἄρξομαι ἀπὸ τῆς ῑ̓ᾱτρικῆς λέγων I will make a beginning by speaking of medicine P. S. 186b.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to aim at, strive after, desire (genitive of the end desired).

ἀνθρώπων στοχάζεσθαι to aim at men X. C. 1.6.29, ἐφῑέμενοι τῶν κερδῶν desiring gain T. 1.8, πάντες τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐπιθῡμοῦσιν all men desire what is good P. R. 438a, τὸ ἐρᾶν τῶν καλῶν the passionate love of what is noble Aes. 1.137, πεινῶσι χρημάτων they are hungry for wealth X. S. 4. 36, πόλις ἐλευθερίᾱς διψήσᾱσα a state thirsting for freedom P. R. 562c. So with ὀϊστεύειν shoot at (poet.), λιλαίεσθαι desire (poet.), γλίχεσθαι desire. φιλεῖν love, ποθεῖν long for take the accusative.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to reach, obtain (genitive of the end attained).

τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐφικέσθαι to attain to virtue I. 1.5, οἱ ἀκοντισταὶ βραχύτερα ἠκόντιζον ἢ ὡς ἐξικνεῖσθαι τῶν σφενδονητῶν the javelin-throwers did not hurl far enough to reach the slingers X. A. 3.3.7, σπονδῶν ἔτυχε he obtained a truce 3. 1. 28. So with κυρεῖν obtain (poet.), κληρονομεῖν inherit, ἀποτυγχάνειν fail to hit. τυγχάνειν, when compounded with ἐν, ἐπί, παρά, περί, and σύν, takes the dative. λαγχάνειν obtain by lot usually takes the accusative.

a. This genitive and that of 1349 form the genitive of the goal.

The genitive of the thing obtained may be joined with an ablatival genitive (1410) of the person: οὗ δὲ δὴ πάντων οἰόμεθα τεύξεσθαι ἐπαίνου in a case where we expect to win praise from all men X. A. 5.7.33. But where the thing obtained is expressed by a neuter pronoun, the accusative is employed.

It is uncertain whether verbs signifying to miss take a partitive or an ablatival genitive: οὐδεὶς ἡμάρτανεν ἀνδρός no one missed his man X. A. 3.4.15, σφαλέντες τῆς δόξης disappointed in expectations T. 4.85.

Verbs of approaching and meeting take the genitive according to 1343 or 1349. These verbs are poetical. Thus, ἀντιόων ταύρων for the purpose of obtaining (his share of) bulls α 25, ἀντήσω τοῦδ᾽ ἀνέρος I will encounter this man II 423, πελάσαι νεῶν to approach the ships S. Aj. 709. In the meaning draw near to verbs of approaching take the dative (1463).

The genitive is used with verbs of smelling.

ὄζω μύρου I smell of perfume Ar. Eccl. 524. So πνεῖν μύρου to breathe (smell of) perfume S. fr. 140.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to enjoy, taste, eat, drink.

ἀπολαύομεν πάντων τῶν ἀγαθῶν we enjoy all the good things X. M. 4.3.11, εὐωχοῦ τοῦ λόγου enjoy the discourse P. R. 352b, ὀλίγοι σῑ́του ἐγεύσαντο few tasted food X. A. 3.1.3. So (rarely) with ἥδεσθαι take pleasure in.

a. Here belong ἐσθίειν, πῑ́νειν when they do not signify to eat up or drink up: ὠμῶν ἐσθίειν αὐτῶν to eat them alive X. H. 3.3.6, πῑ́νειν οἴνοιο drink some wine χ 11, as boire du vin (but πῑ́νειν οἶνον drink wine Ξ 5, as boire le vin). Words denoting food and drink are placed in the accusative when they are regarded as kinds of nourishment.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to remember, remind, forget, care for , and neglect.

τῶν ἀπόντων φίλων μέμνησο remember your absent friends I. 1.26, βούλομαι δ᾽ ῡ̔μᾶς ἀναμνῆσαι τῶν ἐμοὶ πεπρᾱγμένων I desire to remind you of my past actions And. 4.41, δέδοικα μὴ ἐπιλαθώμεθα τῆς οἴκαδε ὁδοῦ I fear lest we may forget the way home X. A. 3.2.25, ἐπιμελόμενοι οἱ μὲν ὑποζυγίων, οἱ δὲ σκευῶν some taking care of the pack animals, others of the baggage 4. 3. 30, τῆς τῶν πολλῶν δόξης δεῖ ἡμᾶς φροντίζειν we must pay heed to the world's opinion P. Cr. 48a, τί ἡμῖν τῆς τῶν πολλῶν δόξης μέλει; what do we care for the world's opinion? 44 c, τοῖς σπουδαίοις οὐχ οἷόν τε τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀμελεῖν the serious cannot disregard virtue I. 1.48, μηδενὸς ὀλιγωρεῖτε μηδὲ καταφρονεῖτε (cp. 1385) τῶν προστεταγμένων neither neglect nor despise any command laid on you 3. 48.

So with μνημονεύειν remember (but usually with the accus., especially of things), ἀμνημονεῖν not to speak of, κήδεσθαι care for, ἐντρέπεσθαι give heed to, ἐνθῡμεῖσθαι think deeply of, προορᾶν make provision for (in Hdt.), μεταμέλει μοι it repents me, καταμελεῖν neglect.

Many of these verbs also take the accusative. With the accus. μεμνῆσθαι means to remember something as a whole, with the gen. to remember something about a thing, bethink oneself. The accus. is usually found with verbs of remembering and forgetting when they mean to hold or not to hold in memory, and when the object is a thing. Neuter pronouns must stand in the accus. ἐπιλανθάνεσθαι forget takes either the genitive or the accusative, λανθάνεσθαι (usually poetical) always takes the genitive. μέλει it is a care, ἐπιμέλεσθαι care for, μεμνῆσθαι think about may take περί with the genitive. οἶδα generally means I remember when it has a person as the object (in the accusative).

Verbs of reminding may take two accusatives: ταῦθ᾽ ὑπέμνησ᾽ ῡ̔μᾶς I have reminded you of this D. 19.25 (1628).

With μέλει, the subject, if a neuter pronoun, may sometimes stand in the nominative (the personal construction): ταῦτα θεῷ μελήσει God will care for this P. Phae. 238d. Except in poetry the subject in the nominative is very rare with other words than neuter pronouns: χοροὶ πᾶσι μέλουσι P. L. 835e.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to hear and perceive: ἀκούειν, κλύειν (poet.) hear, ἀκροᾶσθαι listen to, αἰσθάνεσθαι perceive, πυνθάνεσθαι hear, learn of, συνῑέναι understand, ὀσφραίνεσθαι scent. The person or thing, whose words, sound, etc. are perceived by the senses, stands in the genitive; the words, sound, etc. generally stand in the accusative.

τινὸς ἤκουσ᾽ εἰπόντος I heard somebody say D. 8.4, ἀκούσαντες τῆς σάλπιγγος hearing the sound of the trumpet X. A. 4.2.8, ἀκούσαντες τὸν θόρυβον hearing the noise 4. 4. 21, ἀκροώμενοι τοῦ ᾁδοντος listening to the singer X. C. 1.3.10, ὅσοι ἀλλήλων ξυνῑ́εσαν all who understood each other T. 1.3, ἐπειδὰν συνῑῇ τις τὰ λεγόμενα when one understands what is said P. Pr. 325c (verbs of understanding, συνῑέναι and ἐπίστασθαι, usually take the accus.), κρομμύων ὀσφραίνομαι I smell onions Ar. Ran. 654.

a. A supplementary participle is often used in agreement with the genitive of the person from whom something is heard: λέγοντος ἐμοῦ ἀκροᾱ́σονται οἱ νέοι the young men will listen when I speak P. A. 37d.

b. The accusative is almost always used when the thing heard is expressed by a substantivized neuter adjective or participle, but the genitive plural in the case of οὗτος, ὅδε, αὐτός, and ὅς is frequent.

A double genitive, of the person and of the thing, is rare with ἀκούειν: τῶν ὐπὲρ τῆς γραφῆς δικαίων ἀκούειν μου to listen to my just pleas as regards the indictment D. 18.9.

ἀκούειν, αἰσθάνεσθαι, πυνθάνεσθαι, meaning to become aware of, learn, take the accusative (with a participle in indirect discourse, 2112 b) of a personal or impersonal object: οἱ δέ Πλαταιῆς, ὡς ᾔσθοντο ἔνδον τε ὄντας τοὺς Θηβαίους και κατειλημμένην τὴν πόλιν but the Plataeans, when they became aware that the Thebans were inside and that the city had been captured T. 2.3, πυθόμενοι Ἀρταξέρξην τεθνηκότα having learned that Artaxerxes was dead 4. 50.

a. To hear a thing is usually ἀκούειν τι when the thing heard is something definite and when the meaning is simply hear, not listen to.

ἀκούειν, ἀκροᾶσθαι, πυνθἁνεσθαι, meaning to hear from, learn from, take the genitive of the actual source (1411).

ἀκούειν, κλύειν, πυνθάνεσθαίτινος may mean to hear about, hear of: εἰ δέ κε τεθνηῶτος ἀκούσῃς but if you hear that he is dead α 289, κλύων σοῦ hearing about thee S. O. C. 307, ὡς ἐπύθοντο τῆς Πύλου κατειλημμένης when they heard of the capture of Pylos T. 4.6. For the participle (not in indirect discourse) see 2112 a. περί is often used with the genitive without the participle.

In the meaning heed, hearken, obey, verbs of hearing generally take the genitive: ἄκουε πάντων, ἐκλέγου δ᾽ ἃ συμφέρει listen to everything, but choose that which is profitable Men. Sent. 566, τῶν πολεμίων ἀκούειν to submit to enemies X. C. 8.1.4. πείθεσθαι takes the genitive, instead of the dative, by analogy to this use (Hdt. 6.12, T. 7.73). (On the dative with ἀκούειν obey see 1465.)

αἰσθάνεσθαι takes the genitive, or (less frequently) the accusative, of the thing immediately perceived by the senses: τῆς κραυγῆς ᾔσθοντο they heard the noise X. H. 4.4.4, ᾔσθετο τὰ γιγνόμενα he perceived what was happening X. C. 3.1.4. The genitive is less common than the accusative when the perception is intellectual: ὡς ᾔσθοντο τειχιζόντων when they heard that they were progressing with their fortification T. 5.83. Cp. 1363.

Some verbs, ordinarily construed with the accusative, take the genitive by the analogy of αἰσθάνεσθαι, etc.: ἔγνω ἄτοπα ἐμοῦ ποιοῦντος he knew that I was acting absurdly X. C. 7.2.18, ἀγνοοῦντες ἀλλήλων ὅ τι λέγομεν each of us mistaking what the other says P. G. 517c. This construction of verbs of knowing (and showing) occurs in Attic only when a participle accompanies the genitive.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to fill, to be full of. The thing filled is put in the accusative.

οὐκ ἐμπλήσετε τὴν θάλατταν τριήρων ; will you not cover the sea with your triremes? D. 8.74, ἀναπλῆσαι αἰτιῶν to implicate in guilt P. A. 32c, τροφῆς εὐπορεῖν to have plenty of provisions X. Vect. 6.1, τριήρης σεσαγμένη ἀνθρώπων a trireme stowed with men X. O. 8.8, ὕβρεως μεστοῦσθαι to be filled with pride P. L. 713c. So with πλήθειν, πληροῦν, γέμειν, πλουτεῖν, βρῑ́θειν (poet.), βρύειν (poet.).

a. Here belong also χεὶρ στάζει θυηλῆς Ἄρεος his hand drips with sacrifice to Ares S. El. 1423, μεθυσθεὶς τοῦ νέκταρος intoxicated with nectar P. S. 203b, ἡ πηγὴ ῥεῖ ψῡχροῦ ὕδατος the spring flows with cold water P. Phae. 230b. The instrumental dative is sometimes used.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to rule, command, lead.

θεῖον τὸ ἐθελόντων ἄρχειν it is divine to rule over willing subjects X. O. 21.12, τῆς θαλάττης ἐκράτει he was master of the sea P. Menex. 239e, Ἔρως τῶν θεῶν βασιλεύει Love is king of the gods P. S. 195c, ἡγεῖτο τῆς ἐξόδου he led the expedition T. 2.10, στρατηγεῖν τῶν ξένων to be general of the mercenaries X. A. 2. 6. 28. So with τυραννεῖν be absolute master of, ἀνἀσσειν be lord of (poet.), ἡγεμονεύειν be commander of. This genitive is connected with that of 1402.

Several verbs of ruling take the accusative when they mean to conquer, overcome (so κρατεῖν), or when they express the domain over which the rule extends; as τὴν Πελοπόννησον πειρᾶσθε μὴ ἐλᾱ́σσω ἐξηγεῖσθαι try not to lessen your dominion over the Peloponnese T. 1.71. ἡγεῖσθαί τινι means to be a guide to any one, show any one the way. Cp. 1537.

The genitive is used with verbs signifying to buy, sell, cost, value, exchange. The price for which one gives or does anything stands in the genitive.

ἀργυρίου πρίασθαι ἢ ἀποδόσθαι ἵππον to buy or sell a horse for money P. R. 333b, Θεμιστοκλέᾱ τῶν μεγίστων δωρεῶν ἠξίωσαν they deemed Themistocles worthy of the greatest gifts I. 4.154, οὐκ ἀνταλλακτέον μοι τὴν φιλοτῑμίᾱν οὐδενὸς κέρδους I must not barter my public spirit for any price D. 19.223. So with τάττειν rate, μισθοῦν let, μισθοῦσθαι hire, ἐργάζεσθαι work, and with any verb of doing anything for a wage, as οἱ τῆς παρ᾽ ἡμέρᾱν χάριτος τὰ μέγιστα τῆς πόλεως ἀπολωλεκότες those who have ruined the highest interests of the State to purchase ephemeral popularity D. 8.70, πόσου διδάσκει; πέντε μνῶν for how much does he teach? for five minae P. A. 20b, οἱ Χαλδαῖοι μισθοῦ στρατεύονται the Chaldaeans serve for pay X. C. 3.2.7.

a. The instrumental dative is also used. With verbs of exchanging, ἀντί is usual (1683).

To value highly and lightly is περὶ πολλοῦ (πλείονος, πλείστου) and περὶ ὀλίγου (ἐλᾱ́ττονος, ἐλαχίστου) τῑμᾶσθαι or ποιεῖσθαι: τὰ πλείστου ἄξια περὶ ἐλαχίστου ποιεῖται, τὰ δὲ φαυλότερα περὶ πλείονος he makes least account of what is most important, and sets higher what is less estimable P. A. 30a. The genitive of value, without περί, is rare: πολλοῦ ποιοῦμαι ἀκηκοέναι ἃ ἀκήκοα Πρωταγόρου I esteem it greatly to have heard what I did from Protagoras P. Pr. 328d.

a. The genitive of cause is rarely used to express the thing bought or that for which pay is demanded: οὐδένα τῆς συνουσίᾱς ἀργύριον πρᾱ́ττει you charge nobody anything for your teaching X. M. 1.6.11, τρεῖς μναῖ διφρίσκου three minae for a small chariot Ar. Nub. 31.

In legal language τῑμᾶν τινι θανάτου is to fix the penalty at death (said of the jury, which is not interested in the result), τῑμᾶσθαί τινι θανάτου to propose death as the penalty (said of the accuser, who is interested), and τιμᾶσθαί τινος to propose a penalty against oneself (said of the accused). Cp. τῑμᾶταί μοι ὁ ἀνὴρ θανάτου the man proposes death as my penalty P. A. 36b, ἀλλὰ δὴ φυγῆς τῑμήσωμαι; ἴσως γὰρ ἄν μοι τούτου τῑμήσαιτε but shall I propose exile as my penalty? for perhaps you (the jury) might fix it at this 37 c. So θανάτου with κρῑ́νειν, διώκειν, ὑπάγειν. Cp. 1379.

With verbs of judicial action the genitive denotes the crime, the accusative denotes the person accused.

αἰτιᾶσθαι ἀλλήλους τοῦ γεγενημένου to accuse one another of what had happened X. Ages. 1.33, διώκω μὲν κακηγορίᾱς, τῇ δ᾽ αὐτῇ ψήφῳ φόνου φεύγω I bring an accusation for defamation and at the same trial am prosecuted for murder L. 11.12, ἐμὲ ὁ Μέλητος ἀσεβείᾱς ἐγράψατο Meletus prosecuted me for impiety P. Euth. 5c, δώρων ἐκρίθησαν they were tried for bribery L. 27.3. On verbs of accusing and condemning compounded with κατά, see 1385.

So with ἀμῡ́νεσθαι and κολάζειν punish, εἰσάγειν and προσκαλεῖσθαι summon into court, αἱρεῖν convict, τῑμωρεῖσθαι take vengeance on. With τῑμωρεῖν avenge and λαγχάνειν obtain leave to bring a suit, the person avenged and the person against whom the suit is brought are put in the dative. So with δικάζεσθαί τινί τινος to go to law with a man about something.

Verbs of judicial action may take a cognate accusative (δίκην, γραφήν), on which the genitive of the crime depends: γραφὴν ὕβρεως καὶ δίκην κακηγορίᾱς φεύξεται he will be brought to trial on an indictment for outrage and on a civil action for slander D. 21.32. From this adnominal use arose the construction of the genitive with this class of verbs.

ἁλίσκεσθαι (ἁλῶναι) be convicted, ὀφλισκάνειν lose a suit, φεύγειν be prosecuted are equivalent to passives: ἐᾱ́ν τις ἁλῷ κλοπῆς . . . κᾱ̓̀ν ἀστρατείᾱς τις ὄφλῃ if any one be condemned for theft . . . and if any one be convicted of desertion D. 24.103, ἀσεβείᾱς φεύγοντα ὑπὸ Μελήτου being tried for impiety on the indictment of Meletus P. A. 35d. ὀφλισκάνειν may take δίκην as a cognate accus. (ὠφληκέναι δίκην to be cast in a suit Ar. Av. 1457); the crime or the penalty may stand in the genitive (with or without δίκην), or in the accusative: ὁπόσοι κλοπῆς ἢ δώρων ὄφλοιεν all who had been convicted of embezzlement or bribery And. 1.74, ὑφ᾽ ῡ̔μῶν θανάτου δίκην ὀφλών having incurred through your verdict the penalty of death, ὑπὸ τῆς ἀληθείᾱς ὠφληκότες μοχθηρίᾱν condemned by the truth to suffer the penalty of wickedness P. A. 39b.

With verbs of judicial action the genitive of the penalty may be regarded as a genitive of value: θανάτου κρῑ́νουσι they judge in matters of life and death X. C. 1.2.14. So ὑπάγειν τινὰ θανάτου to impeach a man on a capital charge X. H. 2.3.12; cp. τῑμᾶν θανάτου 1374.

a. With many verbs of judicial action περί is used.

The genitive may express a more or less close connection or relation, where περί is sometimes added.

With verbs of saying or thinking: τί δὲ ἵππων οἴει; but what do you think of horses? P. R. 459b. Often in poetry: εἰπὲ δέ μοι πατρός but tell me about my father λ 174, τοῦ κασιγνήτου τί φῄς; what dost thou say of thy brother? S. El. 317.

The genitive is often used loosely, especially at the beginning of a construction, to state the subject of a remark: ἵππος ἢν κακουργῇ, τὸν ἱππέᾱ κακίζομεν· τῆς δὲ γυναικός, εἰ κακοποιεῖ κτλ. if a horse is vicious, we lay the fault to the groom; but as regards a wife, if she conducts herself ill, etc. X. O. 3.11, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν and so in the case of the other arts too P. Charm. 165d, τί δὲ τῶν πολλῶν καλῶν; what about the many beautiful things? P. Ph. 78d.

The genitive depends on the meaning of a compound verb as a whole (1) if the simple verb takes the genitive without a preposition, as ὑπείκειν withdraw, παραλῡ́ειν release, παραχωρεῖν surrender (1392), ἐφῑ́εσθαι desire (1349); or (2) if the compound has acquired through the preposition a signification different from that of the simple verb with the preposition: thus ἀπογνόντες τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς despairing of freedom L. 2.46 cannot be expressed by γνόντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς. But it is often difficult to determine whether the genitive depends on the compound verb as a whole or on the preposition contained in it.

A verb compounded with a preposition taking the dative or accusative may take the genitive by analogy of another compound verb whose preposition requires the genitive: so ἐμβαίνειν ὅρων to set foot on the boundaries S. O. C. 400 by analogy to ἐπιβαίνειν τῶν ὅρων P. L. 778e.

Many verbs compounded with ἀπό, πρό, ὑπέρ, ἐπί, and κατά take the genitive when the compound may be resolved into the simple verb and the preposition without change in the sense: τοὺς συμμάχους ἀποτρέψαντες τῆς γνώμης dissuading the allies from their purpose And. 3.21, προαπεστάλησαν τῆς ἀποστάσεως they were despatched before the revolt T. 3.5, πολλοῖς ἡ γλῶττα προτρέχει τῆς διανοίᾱς in many people the tongue outruns the thought I. 1.41, (οἱ πολέμιοι) ὑπερκάθηνται ἡμῶν the enemy are stationed above us X. A. 5.1.9, τῷ ἐπιβάντι πρώτῳ τοῦ τείχους to the first one setting foot on the wall T. 4.116. This use is most frequent when the prepositions are used in their proper signification. Many compounds of ὑπέρ take the accusative.

a. This use is especially common with κατά against or at: μή μου κατείπῃς don't speak against me P. Th. 149a, κατεψεύσατό μου he spoke falsely against me D. 18.9, ψευδῆ κατεγλώττιζέ μου he mouthed lies at me Ar. Ach. 380. The construction in 1384 is post-Homeric.

The verbs of accusing and condemning (cp. 1375) containing κατά in composition (καταγιγνώσκειν decide against, καταδικάζειν adjudge against, καταψηφίζεσθαι vote against, κατακρῑ́νειν give sentence against) take a genitive of the person, and an accusative of the penalty. κατηγορεῖν accuse, καταγιγνώσκειν and καταψηφίζεσθαι take a genitive of the person, an accusative of the crime: καταγνῶναι δωροδοκίᾱν ἐμοῦ to pronounce me guilty of bribery L. 21.21, τούτου δειλίᾱν καταψηφίζεσθαι to vote him guilty of cowardice 14. 11, τῶν διαφυγόντων θάνατον καταγνόντες having condemned the fugitives to death T. 6.60; person, crime, and penalty: πολλῶν οἱ πατέρες μηδισμοῦ θάνατον κατέγνωσαν our fathers passed sentence of death against many for favouring the Persians I. 4.157. The genitive is rarely used to express the crime or the penalty: παρανόμων αὐτοῦ κατηγορεῖν to accuse him of proposing unconstitutional measures D. 21.5; cp. ἀνθρώπων καταψηφισθέντων θάνατον men who have been condemned to death P. R. 558a.

In general, prose, as distinguished from poetry, repeats the preposition contained in the compound; but κατά is not repeated.

θάνατος αὐτῶν κατεγνώσθη sentence of death was passed on them L. 13.39 (so κατεψηφισμένος ἦν μου ὁ θάνατος X. Ap. 27), κατηγορεῖτο αὐτοῦ οὐχ ἥκιστα μηδισμός he was especially accused of favouring the Persians T. 1.95.

Many verbs ordinarily construed with the accusative are also followed by a genitive of a person, apparently dependent on the verb but in reality governed by an accusative, generally a neuter pronoun or a dependent clause. Thus, τάδ᾽ αὐτοῦ ἅγαμαι I admire this in him X. Ages. 2.7, τοῦτο ἐπαινῶ Ᾱ̓γησιλᾱ́ου I praise this in Agesilaus 8. 4, αὐτῶν ἓν ἐθαύμασα I was astonished at one thing in them P. A. 17a. Ἀθηναῖοι σφῶν ταῦτα οὐκ ἀποδέξονται the Athenians will not be satisfied with them in this T. 7.48, ὂ μέμφονται μάλιστα ἡμῶν which they most censure in us 1. 84, εἰ ἄγασαι τοῦ πατρὸς ὅσα πέπρᾱχε if you admire in my father what he has done (the actions of my father) X. C. 3.1.15, διαθεώμενος αὐτῶν ὅσην χώρᾱν ἔχοιεν contemplating how large a country they possess X. A. 3.1.19, θαυμάζω τῶν στρατηγῶν ὅτι οὐ πειρῶνται ἡμῖν ἐκπορίζειν σῑτηρέσιον I wonder that the generals do not try to supply us with money for provisions 6. 2. 4, ἐνενόησε δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ ὡς ἐπηρώτων ἀλλήλους he took note also how they asked each other questions X. C. 5.2.18. So with θεωρεῖν observe, ὑπονοεῖν feel suspicious of, ἐνθῡμεῖσθαι consider, etc.

From such constructions arose the use of the genitive in actual dependence on the verb without an accusative word or clause: ἄγασαι αὐτοῦ you admire him X. M. 2.6.33, θαυμάζω τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἰδίᾱς δόξης ἀποθνῄσκειν ἐθελόντων I wonder at those who are willing to die in defence of their personal opinions I. 6.93. The use in 1389 recalls that with αἰσθάνεσθαι (1367). On ἄγασθαι, θαυμάζειν with the genitive of cause, see 1405.

A form of the genitive of possession appears in poetry with verbal adjectives and passive participles to denote the personal origin of an action (cp. 1298): κείνης διδακτά taught of her S. El. 344, ἐκδιδαχθεὶς τῶν κατ᾽ οἶκον informed by those in the house S. Tr. 934, πληγεὶς θυγατρός struck by a daughter E. Or. 497. Cp. διόσδοτος given of God; and “beloved of the Lord.”

On the genitive absolute, see 2070.

The same verb may govern both a true genitive and an ablatival genitive. So ἄρχεσθαι to begin (1348 a) and to start from, ἔχεσθαι to hold to (1345) and to keep oneself from. In many cases it is difficult to decide whether the genitive in question was originally the true genitive or the ablatival genitive, or whether the two have been combined; e.g. in κυνέη ῥῑνοῦ ποιητή a cap made of hide K 262, κύπελλον ἐδέξατο ἧς ἀλόχοιο he received a goblet from his wife Ω 305. So with verbs to hear from, know of (1364, 1411), and verbs of emotion (1405), the partitive idea, cause, and source are hard to distinguish. Other cases open to doubt are verbs of missing (1352), being deceived (1392), and the exclamatory genitive (1407).

With verbs signifying to cease, release, remove, restrain, give up, fail, be distant from, etc., the genitive denotes separation.

λήγειν τῶν πόνων to cease from toil I. 1.14, ἐπιστήμη χωριζομένη δικαιοσύνης knowledge divorced from justice P. Menex. 246e, μεταστᾱ̀ς τῆς Ἀθηναίων ξυμμαχίᾱς withdrawing from the alliance with the Athenians T. 2.67, παύσαντες αὐτὸν τῆς στρατηγίᾱς removing him from his office of general X. H. 6.2.13, εἴργεσθαι τῆς ἀγορᾶς to be excluded from the forum L. 6.24, σῶσαι κακοῦ to save from evil S. Ph. 919, ἐκώλῡον τῆς πορείᾱς αὐτόν they prevented him from passing X. Ages. 2.2, πᾶς ἀσκὸς δύο ἄνδρας ἕξει τοῦ μὴ καταδῦναι each skin will keep two men from sinking X. A. 3.5.11, λόγου τελευτᾶν to end a speech T. 3.59, τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς παραχωρῆσαι Φιλίππῳ to surrender their freedom to Philip D. 18.68, οὐ πόνων ὑφῑ́ετο, οὐ κινδῡ́νων ἀφῑ́στατο, οὐ χρημάτων ἐφείδετο he did not relax his toil, stand aloof from dangers, or spare his money X. Ages. 7.1, ψευσθέντες τῶν ἐλπίδων disappointed of their expectations I. 4.58 (but cp. 1352), ἡ νῆσος οὐ πολὺ διέχουσα τῆς ἠπείρου the island being not far distant from the mainland T. 3.51.

Several verbs of separation, such as ἐλευθεροῦν (especially with a personal subject), may take ἀπό or ἐξ when the local idea is prominent. Many take also the accusative.

The genitive, instead of the accusative (1628), may be used with verbs of depriving: ἀποστερεῖ με τῶν χρημάτων he deprives me of my property I. 17.35, τῶν ἄλλων ἀφαιρούμενοι χρήματα taking away property from others X. M. 1.5.3.

The genitive of the place whence is employed in poetry where a compound verb would be used in prose: βάθρων ἵστασθε rise from the steps S. O. T. 142 (cp. ὑπανίστανται θᾱ́κων they rise from their seats X. S. 4. 31), χθονὸς ἀείρᾱς raising from the ground S. Ant. 417.

The genitive with verbs signifying to want, lack, empty, etc. may be classed with the genitive of separation.

τῶν ἐπιτηδείων οὐκ ἀπορήσομεν we shall not want provisions X. A. 2.2.11, ἐπαίνου οὔποτε σπανίζετε you never lack praise X. Hi. 1.14, ἀνδρῶν τᾱ́νδε πόλιν κενῶσαι to empty this city of its men A. Supp. 660. So with ἐλλείπειν and στέρεσθαι lack, ἐρημοῦν deliver from.

δέω I lack (the personal construction) usually takes the genitive of quantity: πολλοῦ γε δέω nothing of the sort P. Phae. 228a, μῑκροῦ ἔδεον ἐν χερσὶ τῶν ὁπλῑτῶν εἶναι they were nearly at close quarters with the hoplites X. H. 4.6.11, τοσούτου δέω ζηλοῦν I am so far from admiring D. 8.70 (also τοσοῦτον δέω).

δέομαι I want, request may take the genitive, or the accusative (regularly of neuter pronouns and adjectives), of the thing wanted; and the genitive of the person: ἐρωτώμενος ὅτου δέοιτο, Ἀσκῶν, ἔφη, δισχῑλίων δεήσομαι being asked what he needed, he said ‘I shall have need of two thousand skins’ X. A. 3.5.9, τοῦτο ῡ̔μῶν δέομαι I ask this of you P. A. 17c. The genitive of the thing and of the person is unusual: δεόμενοι Κῡ́ρου ἄλλης ἄλλης πρᾱ́ξεως petitioning Cyrus about different matters X. C. 8.3.19.

δεῖ (impersonal) is frequently used with genitives of quantity: πολλοῦ δεῖ οὕτως ἔχειν far from that being the case P. A. 35d, οὐδὲ πολλοῦ δεῖ D. 8.42 (only in D.) and οὐδ᾽ ὀλίγου δεῖ no, far from it D. 19.184. δεῖν may be omitted (but not with πολλοῦ), leaving ὀλίγου and μῑκροῦ in the sense of almost, all but; <*>λίγου πάντες almost all P. R. 552d, ὀλίγου εἷλον τὴν πόλιν they all but. took the city T. 8.35. On δεῖν used absolutely, see 2012 d; on δέων with numerals, 350 c.

δεῖ μοί τινος means I have need of something. In place of the dative (1467) an accusative of the person is rarely allowed in poetry on the analogy of δεῖ with the infinitive (1985): οὐ πόνου πολλοῦ με δεῖ I have need of no great toil E. Hipp. 23 (often in E.). The thing needed is rarely put in the accusative: εἴ τι δέοι τῷ χορῷ if the chorus need anything Ant. 6.12 (here some regard τὶ as nominative). Cp. 1562.

The genitive is used with verbs of differing.

ἄρχων ἀγαθὸς οὐδὲν διαφέρει πατρὸς ἀγαθοῦ a good ruler differs in no respect from a good father X. C. 8.1.1.

With verbs signifying to surpass, be inferior to, the genitive denotes that with which anything is compared.

τῑμαῖς τούτων ἐπλεονεκτεῖτε you had the advantage over them in honours X. A. 3.1.37, ἡττῶντο τοῦ ὕδατος they were overpowered by the water X. H. 5.2.5, ὑστερεῖν τῶν ἔργων to be too late for operations D. 4.38, ἡμῶν λειφθέντες inferior to us X. A. 7.7.31. So with πρεσβεύειν hold the first place, ἀριστεύειν be best (poet.), μειοῦσθαι fall short of, μειονεκτεῖν be worse off, ἐλαττοῦσθαι be at a disadvantage. νικᾶσθαί τινος is chiefly poetic. ἡττᾶσθαι often takes ὑπό. Akin to this genitive is that with verbs of ruling (1370), which are often derived from a substantive signifying ruler.

Many verbs compounded with πρό, περί, ὑπέρ denoting superiority take the genitive, which may depend on the preposition (1384): τάχει περιεγένου αὐτοῦ you excelled him in speed X. C. 3.1.19, γνώμῃ προέχειν τῶν ἐναντίων to excel the enemy in spirit T. 2.62, τοῖς ὅπλοις αὐτῶν ὑπερφέρομεν we surpass them in our infantry 1. 81. So with περιεῖναι, ὑπερέχειν. προτῑμᾶν, προκρῑ́νειν, and προαιρεῖσθαι prefer, προεστηκέναι be at the head of certainly take the genitive by reason of the preposition. ὑπερβάλλειν and ὑπερβαίνειν surpass take the accusative.

The object compared may be expressed by πρό, ἀντί with the genitive, or by παρά, πρός with the accusative. See under Prepositions. That in which one thing is superior or inferior to another usually stands in the dative (1513, 1515).

With verbs of emotion the genitive denotes the cause. Such verbs are to wonder at, admire, envy, praise, blame. hate, pity, grieve for, be angry at, take vengeance on, and the like.

ἐθαύμασα τῆς τόλμης τῶν λεγόντων I wondered at the hardihood of the speakers L. 12.41, τοῦτον ἀγασθεὶς τῆς πρᾳότητος admiring him for his mildness X. C. 2.3.21, ζηλῶ σε τοῦ νοῦ, τῆς δὲ δειλίᾱς στυγῶ I envy thee for thy prudence, I hate thee for thy cowardice S. El. 1027, σὲ ηὐδαιμόνισα τοῦ τρόπου I thought you happy because of your disposition P. Cr. 43b, συγχαίρω τῶν γεγενημένων I share the joy at what has happened D. 15.15, ἀνέχεσθαι τῶν οἰκείων ἀμελουμένων to put up with the neglect of my household affairs P. A. 31b, τὸν ξένον δίκαιον αἰνέσαι προθῡμίᾱς it is right to praise the stranger for his zeal E. I. A. 1371, οὔποτ᾽ ἀνδρὶ τῷδε κηρῡκευμάτων μέμψῃ never wilt thou blame me for my tidings A. Sept. 651, τοῦ πάθους ᾤκτῑρεν αὐτόν he pitied him for his misery X. C. 5.4.32, οὐδ᾽ εἰκὸς χαλεπῶς φέρειν αὐτών nor is it reasonable to grieve about them T. 2.62, οὐκέτι ὧν οὗτοι κλέπτουσιν ὀργίζεσθε, ἀλλ᾽ ὧν αὐτοὶ λαμβάνετε χάριν ἴστε you are no longer angry at their thefts, but you are grateful for what you get yourselves L. 27.11, τῑμωρήσασθαι αὐτοὺς τῆς ἐπιθέσεως to take revenge on them for their attack X. A. 7.4.23. Here belongs, by analogy, συγγιγνώσκειν αὐτοῖς χρὴ τῆς ἐπιθῡμίᾱς it is necessary to forgive them for their desire P. Eu. 306c (usually συγγιγνώσκειν τὴν ἐπιθῡμίᾱν τινί or τῇ ἐπιθῡμίᾳ τινός).

a. The genitive of cause is partly a true genitive, partly ablatival.

With the above verbs the person stands in the accusative or dative. Some of these verbs take the dative or ἐπί and the dative (e.g. ἀλγεῖν, στένειν, ἄχθεσθαι, φθονεῖν) to express the cause of the emotion. See the Lexicon.

The genitive of cause is used in exclamations and is often preceded by an interjection: φεῦ τοῦ ἀνδρός alas for the man! X. C. 3.1.39, τῆς τύχης my ill luck! 2. 2. 3. In tragedy, the genitive of a pronoun or adjective after οἴμοι or ὤμοι refers to the second or third person. For the first person the nominative is used (οἴμοι τάλαινα ah me, miserable! S. Ant. 554).

Allied to the genitive of cause is the genitive of purpose in τοῦ with the infinitive (esp. with μή, 2032 e), and in expressions where ἕνεκα is usually employed, as ἡ πᾶσ᾽ ἀπάτη συνεσκευάσθη τοῦ περὶ Φωκέᾱς ὀλέθρου the whole fraud was contrived for the purpose of ruining the Phocians D. 19.76.

Closely connected with the genitive of cause is the genitive with verbs of disputing: οὐ βασιλεῖ ἀντιποιούμεθα τῆς ἀρχῆς we have no dispute with the king about his empire X. A. 2.1.23, ἠμφισβήτησεν Ἐρεχθεῖ τῆς πόλεως he disputed the possession of the city with Erechtheus I. 12.193, ἆρ᾽ οὖν μὴ ἡμῖν ἐναντιώσεται τῆς ἀπαγωγῆς; well then he will not oppose us about the removal (of the army), will he? X. A. 7.6.5. ἀντιποιεῖσθαι claim may follow 1349 (τῆς πόλεως ἀντεποιοῦντο they laid claim to the city T. 4.122). Verbs of disputing are sometimes referred to 1343 or 1349.

The genitive may denote the source.

πίθων ἠφύσσετο οἶνος wine was broached from the casks ψ 305, Δᾱρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο of Darius and Parysatis are born two sons X. A. 1.1.1, ταῦτα δέ σου τυχόντες obtaining this of you 6. 6. 32, μάθε μου καὶ τάδε learn this also from me X. C. 1.6.44.

With verbs of hearing from and the like the genitive is probably ablatival rather than partitive (1364): ἐμοῦ ἀκούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν from me you shall hear the whole truth P. A. 17b, τούτων πυνθάνομαι ὅτι οὐκ ἄβατόν ἐστι τὸ ὄρος I learn from these men that the mountain is not impassable X. A. 4.6.17, τοιαῦτά του παρόντος ἔκλυον such a tale I heard from some one who was present S. El. 424, εἰδέναι δέ σου χρῄζω I desire to know of thee S. El. 668.

a. Usually (except with πυνθάνεσθαι) we have παρά (ἀπό rarely), ἐξ or πρός (in poetry and Hdt.) with verbs of hearing from.

b. The genitive with εἶναι in πατρὸς δ᾽ εἴμ᾽ ἀγαθοῖο I am of a good father Φ 109, τοιούτων μέν ἐστε προγόνων of such ancestors are you X. A. 3.2.13 is often regarded as a genitive of source, but is probably possessive.

The genitive is used with many adjectives corresponding in derivation or meaning to verbs taking the genitive.

The adjective often borrows the construction with the genitive from that of the corresponding verb; but when the verb takes another case (especially the accusative), or when there is no verb corresponding to the adjective, the adjective may govern the genitive to express possession, connection more or less close, or by analogy. Many of the genitives in question may be classed as objective as well as partitive or ablatival. Rigid distinction between the undermentioned classes must not be insisted on.

Possession and Belonging (1297).—ὁ ἔρως κοινὸς πάντων ἀνθρώπων love common to all men P. S. 205a (cp. κοινωνεῖν 1343), ἱερὸς τοῦ αὐτοῦ θεοῦ sacred to the same god P. Ph. 85b, οἱ κίνδῡνοι τῶν ἐφεστηκότων ἴδιοι the dangers belong to the commanders D. 2.28. So with οἰκεῖος and ἐπιχώριος peculiar to. κοινός (usually), οἰκεῖος inclined to, appropriate to, and ἴδιος also take the dative (1499).

Sharing (1343).—σοφίᾱς μέτοχος partaking in wisdom P. L. 689d, ἰσόμοιροι πάντων having an equal share in everything X. C. 2.1.31, ὕβρεως ἄμοιρος having no part in wantonness P. S. 181c. So <*>κληρος without lot in, ἀμέτοχος not sharing in.

Touching, Desiring, Attaining, Tasting (1345, 1350, 1355).—ἄψαυστος ἔγχους not touching a spear S. O. T. 969, χάρις ὧν πρόθῡμοι γεγενήμεθα gratitude for the objects of our zeal T. 3.67, παιδείᾱς ἐπήβολοι having attained to (possessed of) culture P. L. 724b, ἐλευθερίᾱς ἄγευστος not tasting freedom P. R. 576a. So δύσερως passionately desirous of.

ἀκόλουθα ἀλλήλων dependent on one another X. O. 11.12, τὰ τούτων ἀδελφά what is akin to this X. Hi. 1.22, τῶν προειρημένων ἑπόμεναι ἀποδείξεις expositions agreeing with what had preceded P. R. 504b, φέγγος ὕπνου διάδοχον light succeeding sleep S. Ph. 867. All these adjectives take also the dative; as does συγγενής akin, which has become a substantive.

Adjectives in -ικός from active verbs, and some others: παρασκευαστικὸν τῶν εἰς τὸν πόλεμον τὸν στρατηγὸν εἶναι χρὴ καὶ ποριστικὸν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων τοῖς στρατιώταις the general must be able to provide what is needed in war and to supply provisions for his men X. M. 3.1.6. So διδασκαλικός able to instruct, πρᾱκτικός able to effect. Here may belong γάμου ὡραίᾱ ripe for marriage X. C. 4.6.9.

Experience (1345).—ὁδῶν ἔμπειρος acquainted with the roads X. C. 5.3.35, τῆς θαλάσσης ἐπιστήμων acquainted with the sea T. 1.142, ἰδιώτης τούτου τοῦ ἔργου unskilled in this business X. O. 3.9. So with τρίβων skilled in, τυφλός blind, ἄπειρος unacquainted, ἀγύμναστος unpractised, ἀπαίδευτος uneducated, ἀήθης unaccustomed, ὀψιμαθής late in learning, φιλομαθής fond of learning.

Remembering, Caring For (1356).—κακῶν μνήμονες mindful of crime A. Eum. 382, ἐπιμελὴς τῶν φίλων attentive to friends X. M. 2.6.35, ἀμνήμων τ ῶν κινδῡ́νων unmindful of dangers Ant. 2. α. 7; and, by analogy, συγγνώμων τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων ἁμαρτημάτων forgiving of human errors X. C. 6.1.37. So ἀμελής careless of, ἐπιλήσμων forgetful of.

Perception (1361).—Compounds in -ήκοος from ἀκούω: λόγων καλῶν ἐπήκοοι hearers of noble words P. R. 499a, ὑπήκοοι Θεσσαλῶν subjects of the Thessalians T. 4.78, ὑπήκοος τῶν γονέων obedient to parents P. R. 463d, ἀνήκοοι παιδείᾱς ignorant of culture Aes. 1.141. So συνήκοος hearing together, κατήκοος obeying. ἐπήκοος, κατήκοος, and ὑπήκοος also take the dative.

Fulness (1369).—χαρᾶς ἡ πόλις ἦν μεστή the city was full of rejoicing D. 18.217, παράδεισος ἀγρίων θηρίων πλήρης a park full of wild beasts X. A. 1.2.7, πλουσιώτερος φρονήσεως richer in good sense P. Pol. 261e, φιλόδωρος εὐμεϝείᾱς generous of good-will P. S. 197d, ἄπληστος χρημάτων greedy of money X. C. 8.2.20. So with ἔμπλεως, σύμπλεως. πλήρης may take the dative.

Ruling (1370).—ταύτης κῡ́ριος τῆς χώρᾱς master of this country D. 3.16, ἀκρατὴς ὀργῆς unrestrained in passion T. 3.84. So with ἐγκρατής master of, αὐτοκράτωρ complete master of, ἀκράτωρ intemperate in.

Value (1372).—τάπις ἀξίᾱ δέκα μνῶν a rug worth ten minae X. A. 7.3.27, δόξα χρημάτων οὐκ ὠνητή reputation is not to be bought for money I. 2.32. So with ἀντάξιος worth, ἰσόρροπος in equal poise with (T. 2.42), ἀξιόχρεως sufficient, ἀνάξιος unworthy. ἄξιόν τινι with the infinitive denotes it is meet for a person to do something or the like.

Accountability (1375).—αἴτιος τούτων accountable for this P. G. 447a, ἔνοχος λιποταξίου liable to a charge of desertion L. 14.5, ἀσεβείᾱς ὑπόδικος subject to a trial for impiety P. L. 907e, ὑποτελὴς φόρου subject to tribute T. 1.19, τούτων ὑπεύθῡνος ῡ̔μῖν responsible to you for this D. 8.69, ἀθῷοι τῶν ἀδικημάτων unpunished for offences Lyc. 79. ἔνοχος usually takes the dative, and so ὑπεύθῡνος meaning dependent on or exposed to. The above compounds of ὑπό take the genitive by virtue of the substantive contained in them.

ἐναντίος opposite and a few other adjectives denoting nearness or approach (1353) may take the genitive, chiefly in poetry: ἐναντίοι ἔσταν Ἀχαιῶν they stood opposite the Achaeans P 343. Cp. τοῦ Πόντου ἐπικάρσιαι at an angle with the Pontus Hdt. 7.36. ἐναντίος usually takes the dative.

Separation (1392).—φίλων ἀγαθῶν ἔρημοι deprived of good friends X. M. 4.4.24, ψῡχὴ ψῑλὴ σώματος the soul separated from the body P. L. 899a, φειδωλοὶ χρημάτων sparing of money P. R. 548b (or perhaps under 1356), ῡ̔́λης καθαρόν clear of undergrowth X. O. 16.13, ἄπαυστος γόων never ceasing lamentations E. Supp. 82. So with ἐλεύθερος free from, ἁγνός pure from, innocent of, ὀρφανός bereft of, γυμνός stripped of, μόνος alone.

In addition to the adjectives with alpha privative which take the genitive by reason of the notion expressed in the verb, or by analogy, there are many others, some of which take the genitive because of the idea of separation, especially when the genitive is of kindred meaning and an attributive adjective is added for the purpose of more exact definition. Thus, ἄτῑμος deprived of, ἀπαθής not suffering, ἀτελής free from (1392): as τῑμῆς ἄτῑμος deprived of honour P. L. 774b, ἄπαις ἀρρένων παίδων without male children I. 12.126, τοῦ ἡδίστου θεᾱ́ματος ἀθέᾱτος not seeing the most pleasant sight X. M. 2.1.31, ἄφωνος τῆσδε τῆς ἀρᾶς without uttering this curse S. O. C. 865. This is more frequent in poetry than prose.

a. So when the adjectives are passive: φίλων ἄκλαυτος unwept by friends S. Ant. 847, cp. κακῶν δυσάλωτος οὐδείς no one is hard for evil fortune to capture S. O. C. 1722. The genitive with adjectives in alpha privative is sometimes called the genitive of relation.

Want (1396).—ἅρματα κενὰ ἡνιόχων chariots deprived of their drivers X. A. 1.8.20, ἐνδεὴς ἀρετῆς lacking virtue P. R. 381c. So with πένης poor, ἐλλιπής and ἐπιδεής lacking.

Distinction (1401).—διάφορος τῶν ἄλλων different from the rest P. Par. 160d, ἕτερον τὸ ἡδὺ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ pleasure is different from what is good P. G. 500d, ἄλλα τῶν δικαίων at variance with justice X. M. 4.4.25 (ἄλλος is almost a comparative). So with ἀλλοῖος and ἀλλότριος alien from (also with dat. unfavourable to, disinclined to). διάφορος with dative means at variance with.

Comparison (1402).—Adjectives of the comparative degree or implying comparison take the genitive. The genitive denotes the standard or point of departure from which the comparison is made, and often expresses a condensed comparison when actions are compared. Thus, ἤττων ἀμαθὴς σοφοῦ, δειλὸς ἀνδρείου an ignorant man is inferior to a wise man, a coward to a brave man P. Phae. 239a, κρεῖττόν ἐστι λόγου τὸ κάλλος τῆς γυναικός the beauty of the woman is too great for description X. M. 3.11.1, Ἐπύαξα προτέρᾱ Κῡ́ρου πέντε ἡμέραις ἀφῑ́κετο Epyaxa arrived five days before Cyrus X. A. 1.2.25, καταδεεστέρᾱν τὴν δόξαν τῆς ἐλπίδος ἔλαβεν the reputation he acquired fell short of his expectation I. 2.7. So with δεύτερος, ὑστεραῖος, περιττός. Comparatives with ἤ, 1069.

So with multiplicatives in -πλοῦς and -πλάσιος: διπλάσια ἀπέδωκεν ὧν ἔλαβεν it returned double what it received X. C. 8.3.38. So with πολλοστός.

The genitive with the comparative often takes the place of ἤ with another construction: ᾱ̓θλιώτερόν ἐστι μὴ ὑγιοῦς σώματος ( = ἢ μὴ ὑγιεῖ σώματι) μὴ ὑγιεῖ ψῡχῇ συνοικεῖν it is more wretched to dwell with a diseased soul than a diseased body P. G. 479b, πλείοσι ναυσὶ τῶν Ἀθηναίων ( = ἢ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι) παρῆσαν they came with more ships than the Athenians T. 8.52.

The superlative with the genitive is both partitive and ablatival; the latter, when a thing is compared with many things taken singly. Thus, σοφώτατος ἀνθρώπων P. A. 22c means wisest among men (part.) and wiser than any other single man. The partitive idea is the stronger. The comparative and the superlative idea are both expressed in ἀνὴρ ἐπιεικὴς υἱὸν ἀπολέσᾱς οἴσει ῥᾷστα τῶν ἄλλων a reasonable man will bear the loss of a son more easily than other men (and most easily of all men) P. R. 603e, στρατείᾱ μεγίστη τῶν πρὸ αὐτῆς an expedition greater than any preceding it T. 1.10, τῶν ἄλλων ὕστατοι the last among nations D. 8.72. Cp. μόνος τῶν ἄλλων = alone of all D. 21.223.

Cause (1405).—εὐδαίμων τοῦ τρόπου happy because of his disposition P. Ph. 58e, δείλαιος τῆς συμφορᾶς wretched because of thy lot S. O. T. 1347, βάλανοι θαυμάσιαι τοῦ μεγέθους dates wonderful for their size X. A. 2.3.15, περίφοβος τοῦ καταφρονηθῆναι fearful of becoming an object of contempt P. Phae. 239b. So with τάλᾱς and τλήμων wretched.

Free Use.—a. Compound adjectives formed of a preposition and substantive may take a genitive dependent on the substantive: σκηνῆς ὕπαυλος under the shelter of the tent S. Aj. 796 ( = ὑπὸ αὐλῇ). Frequent in poetry.

b. Some adjectives are freely used with the genitive in poetry, as λάμοι Πάριδος ὀλέθριοι φίλων the marriage of Paris bringing ruin on his friends A. Ag. 1156. This is rare in prose: τὸ πῦρ ἐπίκουρον ψῡ́χους fire that protects against cold X. M. 4.3.7, κακοῦργος μὲν τῶν ἄλλων, ἑαυτοῦ δὲ κακουργότερος doing evil to the others but more to himself 1. 5. 3, ὁ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀλιτήριος the curse and destroyer of Greece Aes. 3.157. These adjectives are practically equivalent to substantives. Cp. amans patriae.

The genitive is used with adverbs derived from adjectives which take the genitive, and with adverbs akin to verbs followed by the genitive.

τὰ τούτου ἑξῆς what comes after this P. R. 390a (1345), ἐρωτικῶς ἔχουσι τοῦ κερδαίνειν they are in love with gain X. O. 12.15 (cp. 1349), εὐθὺ Λυκείου straight for the Lyceum P. Lys. 203b (cp. ῑ̓́θῡσε νεός he made straight for the ship O 693; 1353), ἐναντίον ἁπάντων in the presence of all T. 6.25, πλησίον Θηβῶν near Thebes D. 9.27, Νείλου πέλας near the Nile A. Supp. 308 (1353), γονέων ἀμελέστερον ἔχειν be too neglectful of one's parents P. L. 932a (1356), ἐκ πάντων τῶν ἐμπείρως αὐτοῦ ἐχόντων of all those acquainted with him X. A. 2.6.1, μηδενὸς ἀπείρως ἔχειν to be inexperienced in nothing I. 1.52 (1345), ἀξίως ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ in a manner worthy of a good man P. A. 32e, πρεπόντως τῶν πρᾱξάντων in a manner appropriate to the doers P. Menex. 239c (1372), διαφερόντως τῶν ἄλλων ἀνθρώπων above the rest of men X. Hi. 7.4 (1401), πονηρίᾱ θᾶττον θανάτου θεῖ ‘wickedness flies faster than fate’ P. A. 39a (1402), πενθικῶς ἔχουσα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ mourning for her brother X. C. 5.2.7 (1405).

An adverb with ἔχειν or διακεῖσθαι is often used as a periphrasis for an adjective with εἶναι or for a verb.

The genitive is used with many adverbs (a) of place, (b) of time, (c) of quantity.

a. ἐμβαλεῖν που τῆς ἐκείνων χώρᾱς to make an attack at some point of their country X. C. 6.1.42, αἰσθόμενος οὗ ἦν κακοῦ perceiving what a plight he was in D. 23.156, οἷ προελήλυθ᾽ ἀσελγείᾱς to what a pitch of wanton arrogance he has come 4. 9, ἐνταῦθα τῆς πολῑτείᾱς at that point of the administration 18. 62, εἰδέναι ὅπου γῆς ἐστιν to know where in the world he is P. R. 403e, πόρρω ἤδη τοῦ βίου, θανάτου δὲ ἐγγύς already far advanced in life, near death P. A. 38c, ἐπὶ τάδε Φασήλιδος on this side of Phaselis I. 7.80, πρὸς βορέᾱν τοῦ Σκόμβρου north of Mt. Scombrus T. 2.96, ἄλλοι ἄλλῃ τῆς πόλεως some in one part, others in another part of the city 2. 4, ἀπαντικρὺ τἠς Ἀττικῆς opposite Attica D. 8.36. So with ἐντός inside, εἴσω within, ἑκατέρωθεν on both sides, ὄπισθεν behind, πρόσθεν before.

b. πηνίκ᾽ ἐστὶν ἄρα τῆς ἡμέρᾱς; at what time of day? Ar. Av. 1498, τῆς ἡμέρᾱς ὀψέ late in the day X. H. 2.1.23.

c. τῶν τοιούτων ἅδην enough of such matters P. Charm. 153d, τούτων ἅλι<*> enough of this X. C. 8.7.25.

Most of the genitives in 1439 are partitive. Some of the adverbs falling under 1437 take also the dative (ἄγχι, ἐγγύς, πλησίον in the poets, ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς).

The genitive is used with adverbs of manner, especially with the intransitive ἔχω, ἥκω (Hdt.). The genitive usually has no article: ὡς τάχους ἕκαστος εἶχεν as fast as each could (with what measure of speed he had) X. H. 4.5.15, ὡς ποδῶν εἶχον as fast as my legs could carry me Hdt. 6.116, ἔχοντες εὖ φρενῶν being in their right minds E. Hipp. 462, εὖ σώματος ἕξειν to be in good bodily condition P. R. 404d (cp. 407 c, τοὺς ὑγιεινῶς ἔχοντας τὰ σώματα those who are sound in body: with the article, 1121), χρημάτων εὖ ἥκοντες well off Hdt. 5.62, τοῦ πολέμου καλῶς ἐδόκει ἡ πόλις καθίστασθαι . . . τῆς τε ἐπὶ Θρᾴκης παρόδου χρησίμως ἕξειν they thought that the city was well situated for the war and would prove useful for the march along Thrace T. 3.92.

This use is probably derived from that with adverbs of place: thus πῶς ἔχεις δόξης; in what state of mind are you? P. R. 456d is due to the analogy of ποῦ δόξης; (cp. ὅποι γνώμης S. El. 922).

The genitive is used with many adverbs denoting separation. Thus, ἔσται ἡ ψῡχὴ χωρὶς τοῦ σώματος the soul will exist without the body P. Ph. 66e, δίχα τοῦ ῡ̔μετέρου πλήθους separate from your force X. C. 6.1.8, πρόσω τῶν πηγῶν far from the sources X. A. 3.2.22, ἐμποδὼν ἀλλήλοις πολλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἔσεσθε you will prevent one another from enjoying many blessings X. C. 8.5.24, λάθρᾳ τῶν στρατιωτῶν without the knowledge of the soldiers X. A. 1.3.8. So with ἔξω outside, ἐκτός without, outside, πέρᾱν across, κρύφα unbeknown to.

The genitive denotes the time within which, or at a certain point of which, an action takes place. As contrasted with the accusative of time (1582), the genitive denotes a portion of time. Hence the genitive of time is partitive. Cp. τὸν μὲν χειμῶνα ῡ̔́ει ὁ θεός, τοῦ δὲ θέρεος χρηίσκονται τῷ ὕδατι during the (entire) winter the goo<*>rains, but in (a part of) summer they need the water Hdt. 3.117.

ἡμέρᾱς by day, νυκτός at or by night, μεσημβρίᾱς at midday, δείλης in the afternoon, ἑσπέρᾱς in the evening, θέρους in summer, χειμῶνος in winter, ἦρος in spring, ὀπώρᾱς in autumn, τοῦ λοιποῦ in the future. The addition of article or attributive usually defines the time more exactly. Thus, οὐκοῦν ἡδὺ μὲν θέρους ψῡχεινὴν ἔχειν, ἡδὺ δὲ χειμῶνος ἀλεεινήν; is it not pleasant to have (a house) cool in summer, and warm in winter? X. M. 3.8.9, ᾤχετο τῆς νυκτός he departed during the night X. A. 7.2.17, καὶ ἡμέρᾱς καὶ νυκτὸς ἄγων ἐπὶ τοὺς πολεμίους both by day and by night leading against the enemy 2. 6. 7, ἔλεγον τοῦ λοιποῦ μηκέτι ἐξεῖναι ἀνομίᾱς ἄρξαι they said that for the future (at any time in the future) it should no longer be permitted to set an example of lawlessness 5. 7. 34. (Distinguish τὸ λοιπόν for the (entire) future 3. 2. 8.) ἐντός within is sometimes added to the genitive.

The addition of the article may have a distributive sense: δραχμὴν ἐλάμβανε τῆς ἡμέρᾱς he received a drachm a day T. 3.17.

The genitive may denote the time since an action has happened or the time until an action will happen: οὐδείς μέ πω ἠρώτηκε καινὸν οὐδὲν πολλῶν ἐτῶν for many years nobody has put a new question to me P. G. 448a, βασιλεὺς οὐ μαχεῖται δέκα ἡμερῶν the king will not fight for ten days X. A. 1.7.18.

The genitive may or may not denote a definite part of the time during which anything takes place; the dative fixes the time explicitly either by specifying a definite point in a given period or by contracting the whole period to a definite point; the accusative expresses the whole extent of time from beginning to end: cp. τῇ δὲ ὑστεραίᾳ οἱ μὲν Ἀθηναῖοι τό τε προάστειον εἷλον καὶ τὴν ἡμέρᾱν ἅπᾱσαν ἐδῄουν τὴν γῆν, οἵ τε τριᾱκόσιοι τῶν Σκιωναίων τῆς ἐπιούσης νυκτὸς ἀπεχώρησαν on the next day the Athenians captured the suburb and laid waste the land for that entire day, while the three hundred Scionaeans departed in the course of the following night T. 4.130; ἡμέρᾳ δὲ ἀρξάμενοι τρίτῃ ὡς οἴκοθεν ὥρμησαν, ταύτην τε εἰργάζοντο καὶ τὴν τετάρτην καὶ τῆς πέμπτης μέχρι ᾱ̓ρίστου beginning on the third day after their departure, they continued their work (all) this day and the fourth, and on the fifth until the mid-day meal 4. 90.

a. The genitive of time is less common than the dative of time (1539) with ordinals, or with ὅδε, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος; as ταύτης τῆς νυκτός T. 6.97, P. Cr. 44a, ἐκείνου τοῦ μηνός in the course of that month X. M. 4.8.2. For θέρους we find ἐν θέρει rarely and, in poetry, θέρει. T. 4.133 has both τοῦ αὐτοῦ θέρους and ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ θέρει in the course of the same summer; cp. ἶσος ῥέει ἔν τε θέρεϊ καὶ χειμῶνι ὁ Ἴστρος Hdt. 4.50 and Ἴστρος ἶσος ῥέει θέρεος καὶ χειμῶνος 4. 48 (the Ister flows with the same volume in summer and winter).

The genitive denotes the place within which or at which an action happens. This is more frequent in poetry than in prose.

πεδίοιο διωκέμεν to chase over the plain E 222, ἷζεν τοίχου τοῦ ἑτέροιο he was sitting by the other wall (lit. in a place of the wall) I 219, λελουμένος Ὠκεανοῖο having bathed in Oceanus E 6, οὔτε Πύλου ἱερῆς οὔτ᾽ Ἄργεος οὔτε Μυκήνης neither in sacred Pylos nor in Argos nor in Mycenae φ 108, τόνδ᾽ εἰσεδέξω τειχέων thou didst admit this man within the walls E. Phoen. 451, ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward X. A. 1.3.1, ἐπετάχῡνον τῆς ὁδοῦ τοὺς σχολαίτερον προσιόντας they hastened on their way those who came up more slowly T. 4.47; λαιᾶς χειρὸς οἰκοῦσι they dwell on the left hand A. Pr. 714 (possibly ablatival).

Many adverbs of place are genitives in form (αὐτοῦ there, ποῦ where? οὐδαμοῦ nowhere). Cp. 341.

The Greek dative does duty for three cases: the dative proper, and two lost cases, the instrumental and the locative.

a. The dative derives its name (ἡ δοτικὴ πτῶσις, casus dativus) from the use with διδόναι (1469).

The dative is a necessary complement of a verb when the information given by the verb is incomplete without the addition of the idea expressed by the dative. Thus, πείθεται he obeys, calls for the addition of an idea to complete the sense, as τοῖς νόμοις the laws.

The dative as a voluntary complement of a verb adds something unessential to the completion of an idea. Thus, αὐτοῖς οἱ βάρβαροι ἀπῆλθον the barbarians departed—for them (to their advantage). Here belongs the dative of interest, 1474 ff.

But the boundary line between the necessary and the voluntary complement is not always clearly marked. When the idea of the action, not the object of the action, is emphatic, a verb, usually requiring a dative to complete its meaning, may be used alone, as πείθεται he is obedient.

With many intransitive verbs the dative is the sole complement. With transitive verbs it is the indirect complement (dative of the indirect or remoter object, usually a person); that is, it further defines the meaning of a verb already defined in part by the accusative.

Many verbs so vary in meaning that they may take the dative either alone or along with the accusative (sometimes the genitive). No rules can be given, and English usage is not always the same as Greek usage.

The voice often determines the construction. Thus, πείθειν τινά to persuade some one, πείθεσθαί τινι to persuade oneself for some one (obey some one), <*>λεύειν τινὰ ταῦτα ποιεῖν to order some one to do this, παρακελεύεσθαί τινι ταῦτα τοιεῖν to exhort some one to do this.

The dative proper denotes that to or for which something is or is done.

It is either (1) used with single words (verbs, adjectives, and sometimes with adverbs and substantives) or (2) it serves to define an entire sentence; herein unlike the genitive and accusative, which usually modify single members <*> a sentence. The connection between dative and verb is less intimate than that between genitive or accusative and verb.

The dative proper is largely personal, and denotes the person who is interested in or affected by the action; and includes 1461-1473 as well as 1474 ff. The dative proper is not often used with things; when so used there is usually personification or semi-personification.

The dative may be used as the sole complement of many verbs that are usually transitive in English. Such are

(I) To benefit, help, injure, please, displease, be friendly or hostile, blame, be angry, threaten, envy.

βοηθεῖν τοῖσιν ἠδικημένοις to help the wronged E. I. A. 79, οὐκ ἂν ἠνώχλει νῦν ἡμῖν he would not now be troubling us D. 3.5, <*>ντὶ τοῦ συνεργεῖν ἑαυτοῖς τὰ συμφέροντα ἐπηρεάζουσιν ἀλλήλοις instead of coöperating for their mutual interests, they revile one another X. M. 3.5.16, εἰ τοῖς πλέοτιν ἀρέσκοντές ἐσμεν, τοῖσδ᾽ ἂν μόνοις οὐκ ὀρθῶς ἀπαρέσκοιμεν if we are pleasing to the majority, it would not be right if we should displease them alone T. 1.38, εὐνοεῖν τοῖς κακόνοις to be friendly to the ill-intentioned X. C. 8.2.1, ἐμοὶ ὀργίζονται they are angry at me P. A. 23c, τῷ Θηρᾱμένει ἠπείλουν they threatened Theramenes T. 8.92, οὐ φθονῶν τοῖς πλουτοῦσιν not cherishing envy against the rich X. A. 1.9.19.

Some verbs of benefiting and injuring take the accusative (ὠφελεῖν, βλάπτειν, 1591 a); μῑσεῖν τινα hate some one. λῡσιτελεῖν, συμφέρειν be of advantage take the dative.

(II) To meet, approach, yield.

ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀπήντησαν αὐτοῖς οἱ στρατηγοί but when the generals met them X. A. 2.3.17, περιτυγχάνει Φιλοκράτει he meets Philocrates X. H. 4.8.24, ποίοις οὐ χρὴ θηρίοις πελάζειν what wild beasts one must not approach X. C. 1.4.7, σὺ δ᾽ εἶκ᾽ ἀνάγκῃ καὶ θεοῖσι μὴ μάχου yield to necessity and war not with heaven E. fr. 716. On the genitive with verbs of approaching, see 1353.

(III) To obey, serve, pardon, trust, advise, command, etc.

τοῖς νόμοις πείθου obey the laws I. 1.16, τῷ ῡ̔μετέρῳ ξυμφόρῳ ὑπακούειν to be subservient to your interests T. 5.98, ᾱ̓̀ν μηδεμιᾷ δουλεύῃς τῶν ἡδονῶν if you are the slave of no pleasure I. 2.29, ἐπίστευον αὐτῷ αἱ πόλεις the cities trusted him X. A. 1.9.8, στρατηγῷ στρατιώταις παραινοῦντι a general advising his men P. Ion 540 d, τῷ Μῡσῷ ἐσήμηνε φεύγειν he ordered the Mysian to flee X. A. 5.2.30, τῷ Κλεάρχῳ ἐβόᾱ ἄγειν he shouted to Clearchus to lead X. A. 1.8.12.

κελεύειν command (strictly impel) may be followed in Attic by the accusative and (usually) the infinitive; in Hom. by the dative either alone or with the infinitive. Many verbs of commanding (παραγγέλλειν, διακελεύεσθαι) take in Attic the accusative, not the dative, when used with the infinitive (1996 N.). ὑπακούειν (and ἀκούειν = obey) may take the genitive (1366).

(IV) To be like or unlike, compare, befit.

ἐοικέναι τοῖς τοιούτοις to be like such men P. R. 349d, τί οὖν πρέπει ἀνδρὶ πένητι; what then befits a poor man? P. A. 36d.

The dative of the person and the genitive of the thing are used with the impersonals δεῖ (1400), μέτεστι, μέλει, μεταμέλει, προσήκει. Thus, μισθοφόρων ἀνδρὶ τυράννῳ δεῖ a tyrant needs mercenaries X. Hi. 8.10, ὡς οὐ μετὸν αὐτοῖς Ἐπιδάμνου inasmuch as they had nothing to do with Epidamnus T. 1.28, οὐχ ὧν ἐβιᾱ́σατο μετέμελεν αὐτῷ he did not repent of his acts of violence And. 4.17, τούτῳ τῆς Βοιωτίᾱς προσήκει οὐδέν he has nothing to do with Boeotia X. A. 3.1.31. ἔξεστί μοι it is in my power does not take the genitive. For the accusative instead of the dative, see 1400. Cp. 1344.

a. For δοκεῖ μοι it seems to me (mihi videtur), δοκῶ μοι (mihi videor) may be used. b. For other cases of the dative as direct complement see 1476, 1481.

An intransitive verb taking the dative can form a personal passive, the dative becoming the nominative subject of the passive. Cp. 1745.

Many verbs take the dative as the indirect object together with an accusative as the direct object. The indirect object is commonly introduced in English by to.

Κῦρος δίδωσιν αὐτῷ ἓξ μηνῶν μισθόν Cyrus gives him pay for six months X. A. 1.1.10, τῷ Ὑρκανίῳ ἵππον ἐδωρήσατο he presented a horse to the Hyrcanian X. C. 8.4.24, τὰ δὲ ἄλλα διανεῖμαι τοῖς στρατηγοῖς to distribute the rest to the generals X. A. 7.5.2, μῑκρὸν μεγάλῳ εἰκάσαι to compare a small thing to a great thing T. 4.36, πέμπων αὐτῷ ἄγγελον sending a messenger to him X. A. 1.3.8, ὑπισχνοῦμαί σοι δέκα τάλαντα I promise you ten talents 1. 7. 18, τοῦτο σοὶ δ᾽ ἐφῑ́εμαι I lay this charge upon thee S. Aj. 116, παρῄνει τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τοιάδε he advised the Athenians as follows T. 6.8, ἐμοὶ ἐπιτρέψαι ταύτην τὴν ἀρχήν to entrust this command to me X. A. 6.1.31. λέγειν ταῦτα τοῖς στρατιώταις to say this to the soldiers 1. 4. 11 (λέγειν πρός τινα lacks the personal touch of the dative, which indicates interest in the person addressed). A dependent clause often represents the accusative.

The accusative of the active becomes the subject of the passive, the dative remains: ἐκείνῳ αὕτη ἡ χώρᾱ ἐδόθη this land was given to him X. H. 3.1.6.

Many verbs may take the dative either alone or with the accusative.

οὐδενὶ μέμφομαι I find fault with no one D. 21.190, τί ἄν μοι μέμφοιο; what fault would you have to find with me? X. O. 2.15; ὑπηρετῶ τοῖς θεοῖς I am a servant of the gods X. C. 8.2.22, Ἔρωτι πᾶν ὑπηρετεῖ he serves Eros in everything P. S. 196c; παρακελεύονται τοῖς περὶ νῑ́κης ἁμιλλωμένοις they exhort those who are striving for victory I. 9.79, ταῦτα τοῖς ὁπλῑ́ταις παρακελεύομαι I address this exhortation to the hoplites T. 7.63; ὀνειδίζετε τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν you reproach the guilty L. 27.16 (also accus.), Θηβαίοις τὴν ἀμαθίᾱν ὀνειδίζουσι they upbraid the Thebans with their ignorance I. 15.248; θεοῖς εὐξάμενοι having prayed to the gods T. 3.58, εὐξάμενοι τοῖς θεοῖς τᾱ̓γαθά having prayed to the gods for success X. C. 2.3.1 (cp. αἰτεῖν τινά τι, 1628). So ἐπιτῑμᾶν (ἐγκαλεῖν) τινι to censure (accuse) some one, ἐπιτῑμᾶν (ἐγκαλεῖν) τί τινι censure something in (bring an accusation against) some one. So ἀπειλεῖν threaten; and ἀμῡ́νειν, ἀλέξειν, ἀρήγειν ward off (τινί τι in poetry, 1483).

τῑμωρεῖν (poet. τῑμωρεῖσθαί) τινι means to avenge some one (take vengeance for some one), as τῑμωρήσειν σοι τοῦ παιδὸς ὑπισχνοῦμαι I promise to avenge you because of (on the murderer of) your son X. C. 4.6.8, εἰ τῑμωρήσεις Πατρόκλῳ τὸν φόνον if you avenge the murder of Patroclus P. A. 28c. τιμωρεῖσθαί (rarely τῑμωρεῖν) τινα means to avenge oneself upon some one (punish some one).

For the dative of purpose (to what end?), common in Latin with a second dative (dono dare), Greek uses a predicate noun: ἐκείνῳ ἡ χώρᾱ δῶρον ἐδόθη the country was given to him as a gift X. H. 3.1.6. The usage in Attic inscriptions (ἧλοι ταῖς θύραις nails for the doors C.I.A. /lref>, add. 834 b, 1, 38) is somewhat similar to the Latin usage. Cp. 1502.

a. The infinitive was originally, at least in part, a dative of an abstract substantive, and served to mark purpose: τίς τ᾽ ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι; who then of the gods brought the twain together (for) to contend in strife? A 8. Cp. “what went ye out for to see?” St. Matth. 11. 8.

The person for whom something is or is done, or in reference to whose case an action is viewed, is put in the dative.

a. Many of the verbs in 1461 ff. take a dative of interest. 1476 ff. are special cases.

After verbs of motion the dative (usually personal) is used, especially in poetry: χεῖρας ἐμοὶ ὀρέγοντας reaching out their hands to me μ 257, ψῡχᾱ̀ς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν hurled their souls on to Hades (a person) A 3; rarely, in prose, after verbs not compounded with a preposition: σχόντες (scil. τᾱ̀ς ναῦς) Π̔ηγίῳ putting in at Rhegium T. 7.1. Cp. 1485.

The person for whom a thing exists is put in the dative with εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, ὑπάρχειν, φῦναι (poet.), etc., when he is regarded as interested in its possession.

ἄλλοις μὲν χρήματά ἐστι, ἡμῖν δὲ ξύμμαχοι ἀγαθοί others have riches, we have good allies T. 1.86, τῷ δικαίῳ παρὰ θεῶν δῶρα γίγνεται gifts are bestowed upon the just man by the gods P. R. 613e, ὑπάρχει ἡμῖν οὐδὲν τῶν ἐπιτηδείων we have no supply of provisions X. A. 2.2.11, πᾶσι θνᾱτοῖς ἔφῡ μόρος death is the natural lot of all men S. El. 860.

So with verbs of thinking and perceiving: τὸν ἀγαθὸν ἄρχοντα βλέποντα νόμον ἀνθρώποις ἐνόμισεν Cyrus considered that a good ruler was a living law to man X. C. 8.1.22, θαρροῦσι μάλιστα πολέμιοι, ὅταν τοῖς ἐναντίοις πρᾱ́γματα πυνθάνωνται the enemy are most courageous when they learn that the forces opposed to them are in trouble X. Hipp. 5.8.

In the phrase ὄνομά (ἐστί) τινι the name is put in the same case as ὄνομα. Thus, ἔδοξα ἀκοῦσαι ὄνομα αὐτῷ εἶναι Ἀγάθωνα I thought I heard his name was Agathon P. Pr. 315e. ὄνομά μοί ἐστι and ὄνομα (ἐπωνυμίᾱν) ἔχω are treated as the passives of ὀνομάζω. Cp. 1322 a.

Here belong the phrases (1) τί (ἐστιν) ἐμοὶ καὶ σοί; what have I to do with thee?; cp. τί τῷ νόμῳ καὶ τῇ βασάνῳ; what have the law and torture in common? D. 29.36. (2) τί ταῦτ᾽ ἐμοί; what have I to do with this? D. 54.17. (3) τί ἐμοὶ πλέον; what gain have I? X. C. 5.5.34.

The dative of the possessor denotes that something is at the disposal of a person or has fallen to his share temporarily. The genitive of possession lays stress on the person who owns something. The dative answers the question what is it that he has?, the genitive answers the question who is it that has something? The uses of the two cases are often parallel, but not interchangeable. Thus, in Κῦρος, οὗ σὺ ἔσει τὸ ἀπὸ τοῦδε Cyrus, to whom you will henceforth belong X. C. 5.1.6, ᾧ would be inappropriate. With a noun in the genitive the dative of the possessor is used (τῶν ἑκατέροις ξυμμάχων T. 2.1); with a noun in the dative, the genitive of the possessor (τοῖς ἑαυτῶν ξυμμάχοις 1. 18).

Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage (dativus commodi et incommodi).—The person or thing for whose advantage or disadvantage, anything is or is done, is put in the dative. The dative often has to be translated as if the possessive genitive were used; but the meaning is different.

ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς οἱ βάρβαροι ἐκ τῆς χώρᾱς ἀπῆλθον after the barbarians had departed (for them, to their advantage) from their country T. 1.89, ἄλλο στράτευμα αὐτῷ συνελέγετο another army was being raised for him X. A. 1.1.9, ἄλλῳ ὁ τοιοῦτος πλουτεῖ, καὶ οὐχ ἑαυτῷ such a man is rich for another, and not for himself P. Menex. 246e, στεφανοῦσθαι τῷ θεῷ to be crowned in honour of the god X. H. 4.3.21, Φιλιστίδης ἔπρᾱττε Φιλίππῳ Philistides was working in the interest of Philip D. 9.59, τὰ χρήματ᾽ αἴτι᾽ ἀνθρωποῖς κακῶν money is a cause of misery to mankind E. Fr. 632, οἱ Θρᾷκες οἱ τῷ Δημοσθένει ὑστερήσαντες the Thracians who came too late (for, i.e.) to help Demosthenes T. 7.29, ἥδε ἡ ἡμέρᾱ τοῖς Ἕλλησι μεγάλων κακῶν ἄρξει this day will be to the Greeks the beginning of great sorrows 2. 12, ᾱ̓́ν τίς σοι τῶν οἰκετῶν ἀποδρᾷ if any of your slaves runs away X. M. 2.10.1.

a. For the middle denoting to do something for oneself, see 1719.

b. In the last example in 1481, as elsewhere, the dative of a personal pronoun is used where a possessive pronoun would explicitly denote the owner.

A dative, dependent on the sentence, may appear to depend on a substantive: σοὶ δὲ δώσω ἄνδρα τῇ θυγατρί to you I will give a husband for your daughter X. C. 8.4.24. Common in Hdt.

With verbs of depriving, warding off, and the like, the dative of the person may be used: τὸ συστρατεύειν ἀφελεῖν σφίσιν ἐδεήθησαν they asked him to relieve them (lit. take away for them) from serving in the war X. C. 7.1.44, Δαναοῖσιν λοιγὸν ἄμῡνον ward off ruin from (for) the Danai A 456. So ἀλέξειν τινί τι (poet.). Cp. 1392, 1628.

With verbs of receiving and buying, the person who gives or sells may stand in the dative. In δέχεσθαί τί τινι (chiefly poetic) the dative denotes the interest of the recipient in the donor: Θέμιστι δέκτο δέπας she took the cup from (for, i.e. to please) Themis O 87. So with πόσου πρίωμαί σοι τὰ χοιρίδια; at what price am I to buy the pigs of you? Ar. Ach. 812.

With verbs of motion the dative of the person to whom is properly a dative of advantage or disadvantage: ἦλθε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις ἡ ἀγγελίᾱ the message came to (for) the Athenians T. 1.61. Cp. 1475.

Dative of Feeling (Ethical Dative).—The personal pro nouns of the first and second person are often used to denote the interest of the speaker, or to secure the interest of the person spoken to, in an action or statement.

μέμνησθέ μοι μὴ θορυβεῖν pray remember not to make a disturbance P. A. 27b, ἀμουσότεροι γενήσονται ῡ̔μῖν οἱ νέοι your young men will grow less cultivated P. R. 546d, τοιοῦτο ῡ̔μῖν ἐστι ἡ τυραννίς such a thing, you know, is despotism Hdt. 5.92 η, Ἀρταφέρνης ῡ̔μῖν Ὑστάσπεός ἐστι παῖς Artaphernes, you know, is Hystaspes' son 5. 30. The dative of feeling may denote surprise: ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος oh mother, how handsome grandpa is X. C. 1.3.2. With the dative of feeling cp. “knock me here” Shakesp. T. of Sh. 1. 2. 8, “study me how to please the eye” L. L. L. i. 1. 80. τοὶ surely, often used to introduce general statements or maxims, is a petrified dative of feeling (= σοί).

a. This dative in the third person is very rare (αὐτῇ in P. R. 343a).

b. This construction reproduces the familiar style of conversation and may often be translated by I beg you, please, you see, let me tell you, etc. Sometimes the idea cannot be given in translation. This dative is a form of 1481.

ἐμοὶ βουλομένῳ ἐστί, etc.—Instead of a sentence with a finite verb, a participle usually denoting inclination or aversion is added to the dative of the person interested, which depends on a form of εἶναι, γ<*>γνεσθαι, etc.

τῷ πλήθει τῶν Πλαταιῶν οὐ βουλομένῳ ἦν τῶν Ἀθηναίων ἀφίστασθαι the Plataean democracy did not wish to revolt from the Athenians (= τὸ πλῆθος οὐκ ἐβούλετο ἀφίστασθαι) T. 2.3 (lit. it was not for them when wishing), ᾱ̓̀ν βουλομένοις ἀκούειν ᾖ τουτοισῑ́, μνησθήσομαι if these men (the jury) desire to hear it, I shall take the matter up later (= ᾱ̓̀ν οὗτοι ἀκούειν βούλωνται) D. 18.11, ἐπανέλθωμεν, εἴ σοι ἡδομένῳ ἐστίν let us go back if it is your pleasure to do so P. Ph. 78b, εἰ μὴ ἀσμένοις ῡ̔μῖν ἀφῖγμαι if I have come against your will T. 4.85, Νῑκίᾳ προσδεχομένῳ ἦν τὰ παρὰ τῶν Ἐγεσταίων Nicias was prepared for the news from the Egestaeans 6. 46, ἦν δὲ οὐ τῷ Ᾱ̓γησιλᾱ́ῳ ἀχθομένῳ this was not displeasing to Agesilaus X. H. 5.3.13. Cp. quibus bellum volentibus erat.

With passive verbs (usually in the perfect and pluperfect) and regularly with verbal adjectives in -τός and -τέος, the person in whose interest an action is done, is put in the dative. The notion of agency does not belong to the dative, but it is a natural inference that the person interested is the agent.

ἐμοὶ καὶ τούτοις πέπρᾱκται has been done by (for) me and these men D. 19.205, ἐπειδὴ αὐτοῖς παρεσκεύαστο when they had got their preparations ready T. 1.46, τοσαῦτά μοι εἰρήσθω let so much have been said by me L. 24.4, ἐψηφίσθαι τῇ βουλῇ let it have been decreed by the senate C.I.A. /lref>

a. With verbal adjectives in -τός and -τέος (2149): τοῖς οἴκοι ζηλωτός envied by those at home X. A. 1.7.4, ἡμῖν γ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἐλευθερίᾱς ἀγωνιστέον we at least must struggle to defend our freedom D. 9.70. For the accus. with -τέον, see 2152 a.

The usual restriction of the dative to tenses of completed action seems to be due to the fact that the agent is represented as placed in the position of viewing an already completed action in the light of its relation to himself (interest, advantage, possession).

The dative of the agent is rarely employed with other tenses than perfect and pluperfect: λέγεται ἡμῖν is said by us P. L. 715b, τοῖς Κερκῡραίοις οὐχ ἑωρῶντο the ships were not seen by (were invisible to) the Corcyraeans T. 1.51; present, T. 4.64, 109; aorist T. 2.7.

The person by whom (not for whom) an action is explicitly said to be done, is put in the genitive with ὑπό (1698. 1. b).

The dative of the personal agent is used (1) when the subject is impersonal, the verb being transitive or intransitive, (2) when the subject is persal and the person is treated as a thing in order to express scorn (twice only in the orators: D. 19.247, 57. 10).

ὑπό with the genitive of the personal agent is used (1) when the subject is a person, a city, a country, or is otherwise quasi-personal, (2) when the verb is intransitive even if the subject is a thing, as τῶν τειχῶν ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων πεπτωκότων the walls having been destroyed by the barbarians Aes. 2.172, (3) in a few cases with an impersonal subject, usually for the sake of emphasis, as ὡς ἑταίρᾱ ἦν . . . ὑπὸ τῶν ἄλλων οἰκείων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν γειτόνων μεμαρτύρηται that she was an hetaera has been testified by the rest of his relatives and by his neighbours Is. 3.13.

a. νῑκᾶσθαι, ἡττᾶσθαι to be conquered may be followed by the dative of a person, by ὑπό τινος, or by the genitive (1402).

When the agent is a thing, not a person, the dative is commonly used whether the subject is personal or impersonal. If the subject is personal, ὑπό may be used; in which case the inanimate agent is personified (see 1698. 1. N. 1). ὑπό is rarely used when the subject is impersonal. ὑπό is never used with the impersonal perfect passive of an intransitive verb.

The dative may be used of a person to whose case the statement of the predicate is limited.

φευγειν αὐτοῖς ἀσφαλέστερόν ἐστιν ἢ ἡμῖν it is safer for them to flee than for us X. A. 3.2.19, τριήρει ἐστὶν εἰς Ἡρᾱ́κλειαν ἡμέρᾱς μακρᾶς πλοῦς for a trireme it is a long day's sail to Heraclea 6. 4. 2. Such cases as δρόμος ἐγένετο τοῖς στρατιώταις the soldiers began to run X. A. 1.2.17 belong here rather than under 1476 or 1488.

a. ὡς restrictive is often added: μακρᾱ̀ ὡς γέροντι ὁδός a long road (at least) for an old man S. O. C. 20, σωφροσύνης δὲ ὡς πλήθει οὐ τὰ τοιάδε μέγιστα; for the mass of men are not the chief points of temperance such as these? P. R. 389d.

The dative of a noun or pronoun often denotes the person in whose opinion a statement holds good.

γάμους τοὺς πρώτους ἐγάμει Πέρσῃσι ὁ Δᾱρεῖος Darius contracted marriages most distinguished in the eyes of the Persians Hdt. 3.88, πᾶσι νῑκᾶν τοῖς κριταῖς to be victorious in the judgment of all the judges Ar. Av. 445, πολλοῖσιν οἰκτρός pitiful in the eyes of many S. Tr. 1071. παρά is often used, as in παρὰ Δᾱρείῳ κριτῇ in the opinion of Darius Hdt. 3.160.

The dative participle, without a noun or pronoun, is frequently used in the singular or plural to denote indefinitely the person judging or observing. This construction is most common with participles of verbs of coming or going and with participles of verbs of considering.

ἡ Θρᾴκη ἐστὶν ἐπὶ δεξιὰ εἰς τὸν Πόντον εἰσπλέοντι Thrace is on the right as you sail into the Pontus X. A. 6.4.1, ἔλεγον ὅτι ἡ ὁδὸς διαβάντι τὸν ποταμὸν ἐπὶ Λῡδίᾱν φέροι they said that, when you had crossed the river, the road led to Lydia 3. 5. 15, οὐκ οὖν ἄτοπον διαλογιζομένοις τᾱ̀ς δωρεᾱ̀ς νῡνὶ πλείους εἶναι; is it not strange, when we reflect, that gifts are more frequent now? Aes. 3.179, τὸ μὲν ἔξωθεν ἁπτομένῳ σῶμα οὐκ ἄγᾱν θερμὸν ἦν if you touched the surface the body was not very hot T. 2.49, πρὸς ὠφέλειαν σκοπουμένῳ ὁ ἐπαινέτης τοῦ δικαίου ἀληθεύει if you look at the matter from the point of view of advantage, the panegyrist of justice speaks the truth P. R. 589c. So (ὡς) συνελόντι εἰπεῖν (X. A. 3.1.38) to speak briefly (lit. for one having brought the matter into small compass), συνελόντι D. 4.7.

a. The participle of verbs of coming or going is commonly used in statements of geographical situation.

b. The present participle is more common than the aorist in the case of all verbs belonging under 1497.

In expressions of time a participle is often used with the dative of the person interested in the action of the subject, and especially to express the time that has passed since an action has occurred (cp. “and this is the sixth month with her, who was called barren” St. Luke i. 36).

ἀποροῦντι δ᾽ αὐτῷ ἔρχεται Προμηθεύς Prometheus comes to him in his perplexity P. Pr. 321c, Ξενοφῶντι πορευομένῳ οἱ ἱππεῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι πρεσβῡ́ταις while Xenophon was on the march, his horsemen fell in with some old men X. A. 6.3.10. The idiom is often transferred from persons to things: ἡμέραι μάλιστα ἦσαν τῇ Μυτιλήνῃ ἑᾱλωκυίᾳ ἑπτά, ὅτ᾽ ἐς τὸ Ἔμβατον κατέπλευσαν about seven days had passed since the capture of Mytilene, when they sailed into Embatum T. 3.29. This construction is frequent in Hom. and Hdt. The participle is rarely omitted (T. 1.13.).

a. A temporal clause may take the place of the participle: τῇ στρατιᾷ, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἐξέπλευσεν εἰς Σικελίᾱν, ἤδη ἐστὶ δύο καὶ πεντήκοντα ἔτη it is already fifty-two years since the expedition sailed to Sicily Is. 6.14.

Adjectives, adverbs, and substantives, of kindred meaning with the foregoing verbs, take the dative to define their meaning.

βασιλεῖ φίλοι friendly to the king X. A. 2.1.20, εὔνους τῷ δήμῳ well disposed to the people And. 4.16, τοῖς ϝόμοις ἔνοχος subject to the laws D. 21.35, ἐχθρὸν ἐλευθερίᾳ καὶ νόμοις ἐναντίον hostile to liberty and opposed to law 6. 25, ξυμμαχίᾳ πίσυνοι relying on the alliance T. 6.2, φόρῳ ὑπήκοοι subject to tribute 7. 57, ἢν ποιῆτε ὅμοια τοῖς λόγοις if you act in accordance with your words 2. 72, στρατὸς ἴσος καὶ παραπλήσιος τῷ προτέρῳ an army equal or nearly so to the former 7. 42, ἀδελφὰ τὰ βουλεύματα τοῖς ἔργοις plans like the deeds L. 2.64, ἀλλήλοις ἀνομοίως in a way unlike to each other P. Tim. 36d. For substantives see 1502.

a. Some adjectives, as φίλος, ἐχθρός, may be treated as substantives and take the genitive. Some adjectives often differ slightly in meaning when they take the genitive.

With ὁ αὐτός the same.—τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἐμοὶ ἔχειν to be of the same mind as I am L. 3.21, τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐμοὶ πατρός of the same father as I am D. 40.34, ταὐτὰ φρονῶν ἐμοί agreeing with me 18. 304.

With adjectives and adverbs of similarity and dissimilarity the comparison is often condensed (brachylogy) : ὁμοίᾱν ταῖς δούλαις εἶχε τὴν ἐσθῆτα she had a dress on like (that of) her servants X. C. 5.1.4 (the possessor for the thing possessed, = τῇ ἐσθῆτι τῶν δουλῶν), Ὀρφεῖ γλῶσσα ἡ ἐναντίᾱ a tongue unlike (that of) Orpheus A. Ag. 1629.

a. After adjectives and adverbs of likeness we also find καί, ὅσπερ (ὥσπερ). Thus, παθεῖν ταὐτὸν ὅπερ πολλάκις πρότερον πεπόνθατε to suffer the same as you have often suffered before D. 1.8, οὐχ ὁμοίως πεποιήκᾱσι καὶ Ὅμηρος they have not composed their poetry as Homer did P. Ion 531 d.

The dative after substantives is chiefly used when the substantive expresses the act denoted by the kindred verb requiring the dative: ἐπιβουλὴ ἐμοί a plot against me X. A. 5.6.29, διάδοχος Κλεάνδρῳ a successor to Cleander 7. 2. 5, ἡ ἐμὴ τῷ θεῷ ὑπηρεσίᾱ my service to the god P. A. 30a. But also in other cases: φιλίᾱ τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις friendship for the Athenians T. 5.5, ὕμνοι θεοῖς hymns to the gods P. R. 607a, ἐφόδια τοῖς στρατευομένοις supplies for the troops D. 3.20, ἧλοι ταῖς θύραις nails for the doors (1473).