PRONOUNS

The pronouns of the first, second, and third person are declined as follows:

a. The enclitic forms μου, μοι, με; σου, σοι, σε are used when the pronoun is unemphatic, the longer forms ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, ἐμέ and the accented σοῦ, σοί, σέ are used when the pronoun is emphatic. Thus, δός μοι τὸ βιβλίον give me the book, οὺκ ἐμοί, ἀλλὰ σοὶ ἐπιβουλεύουσι they are plotting not against me, but against you. See 187 a. On the use after prepositions see 187 N. 2.

b. For ἐγώ, ἐμοί, σύ the emphatic ἔγωγε, ἔμοιγε (186 a), σύγε occur. Also ἐμοῦγε, ἐμέγε.

c. The use of the plural you for thou is unknown in Ancient Greek; hence ῡ̔μεῖς is used only in addressing more than one person.

d. Of the forms of the third personal pronoun only the datives οἷ and σφίσι (ν) are commonly used in Attic prose, and then only as indirect reflexives (1228). To express the personal pronouns of the third person we find usually: ἐκεῖνος, οὗτος, etc., in the nominative (1194), and the oblique forms of αὐτός in all other cases.

e. For the accus. of οὗ the tragic poets use νιν (encl.) and σφε (encl.) for masc. and fem., both sing. and pl. (= eum, eam; eos, eas). Doric so uses νιν. σφίν is rarely singular (ei) in tragedy.

f. ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν, ἡμᾶς, ῡ̔μῶν, ῡ̔μῖν, ῡ̔μᾶς, when unemphatic, are sometimes accented in poetry on the penult, and -ῑν and -ᾱς are usually shortened. Thus, ἥμων, ἧμιν, ἧμας, ῡ̔́μων, ὗμιν, ὗμας. -ῑν and -ᾱς are sometimes shortened even if the pronouns are emphatic, and we have ἡμίν, ἡμάς, ῡ̔μίν, ῡ̔μάς. σφάς occurs for σφᾶς.

Stems.—I. (ἐ) με- (cp. Lat. me), νω- (cp. Lat. νο̄-ς), (ἐ)μο-, ἡμε-. ἐμοῦ is from ἐμέο; ἡμεῖς from ἀμμε-ες (37) with the rough breathing in imitation of ῡ̔μεῖς; ἡμῶν from ἡμέων, ἡμᾶς from ἡμέας with ᾱ not η by 56. ἐγώ is not connected with these stems. II. συ- and σε- from τϝε; το-; σφω-; ῡ̔με- from ὑμμε- (37). III. ἕ for σϝε (cp. Lat. se), ἑέ for σεϝε, οἷ for σϝο-ι, and σφε-. The form of the stems and formation of the cases is often obscure.

αὐτός self is declined thus:

αὐτός is declined like ἀγαθός (287), but there is no vocative and the neuter nominative and accusative have no -ν. But ταὐτόν the same is common (328 N.).

αὐτός is a definite adjective and a pronoun. It has three meanings:

a. self: standing by itself in the nominative, αὐτὸς ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ αὐτός the man himself, or (without the article) in agreement with a substantive or pronoun; as ἀνδρὸς αὐτοῦ of the man himself.

b. him, her, it, them, etc.: standing by itself in an oblique case (never in the nominative). The oblique cases of αὐτός are generally used instead of οὗ, οἷ, ἕ, etc., as ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ his father, οἱ παῖδες αὐτῶν their children.

c. same: when it is preceded by the article in any case: ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ the same man, τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀνδρός of the same man.

N.—The article and αὐτός may unite by crasis (68 a): αὑτός, αὑτή, ταὐτό or ταὐτόν; ταὐτοῦ, ταὐτῆς; ταὐτῷ, ταὐτῇ, etc. Distinguish αὑτή the same f. from αὕτη this f.; ταὐτά the same n. from ταῦτα these things n.; ταὐτῇ from ταύτῃ.

The reflexive pronouns (referring back to the subject of the sentence) are formed by compounding the stems of the personal pronouns with the oblique cases of αὐτός. In the plural both pronouns are declined separately, but the third person has also the compounded form. The nominative is excluded by the meaning. There is no dual.

a. For ἑαυτῶν, etc., we find αὑτῶν, αὑτοῖς, -αῖς, αὑτούς, -ᾱ́ς. Distinguish αὑτοῦ of himself from αὐτοῦ (328).

Possessive pronouns, formed from the stems of the personal pronouns, are declined like ἀγαθός, ἄξιος (287).

a. Distinguish the adjectival from the pronominal use: ὁ ἐμὸς φίλος or ὁ φίλος ὁ ἐμός my friend (adj.) from φίλος ἐμός a friend of mine (pron.). See 1196 a.

b. ὅς is not used in Attic prose. For his, her, its, αὐτοῦ, -ῆς, -οῦ are used.

The definite article ὁ, ἡ, τό (stems ὁ-, ᾱ̔-, το-) is thus declined:

a. The definite article is a weakened demonstrative pronoun, and is still used as a demonstrative in Homer (1100).

b. τᾱ́ (especially) and ταῖν, the feminine forms in the dual, are very rare in the authors, and are unknown on Attic prose inscriptions of the classical period.

The chief demonstrative pronouns are ὅδε this (here), οὗτος this, that, ἐκεῖνος that (there, yonder).

a. ὅδε is formed from the old demonstrative ὁ, ἡ, τό this or that, with the indeclinable demonstrative (and enclitic) ending -δε here (cp. hī-c from hī-ce, Fr. ce-ci). For the accent of ἥδε, οἵδε, αἵδε see 186.

b. οὗτος has the rough breathing and τ in the same places as the article. ου corresponds to the ο, αυ to the α, of the article. For οὗτος as a vocative, see 1288 a. (οὗτος is from ὁ + the particle *υ + the demonstrative suffix το + ς).

c. ἐκεῖνος has a variant form κεῖνος in poetry, and sometimes in prose (Demosthenes). (ἐκεῖνος stands for ἐκε(ι)-ενος from ἐκεῖ there + suffix -ενος.)

d. Other demonstrative pronouns are

These are formed from -δε and the (usually) poetic τόσος, τοῖος, τηλίκος with the same meanings.

e. Combinations of the above words and οὗτος are

The forms in -ν are more common than those in -ο. Attic prose inscriptions have only -ον.

The interrogative pronoun τίς, τί who, which, what? never changes its accent to the grave (154). The indefinite pronoun τὶς, τὶ any one, some one, anything, something is enclitic (181 b).

a. ἄττα (not enclitic) is sometimes used for the indefinite τινά. ἄττα is derived from such locutions as πολλάττα, properly πολλά + ττα (for τι̯α).

ἄλλος.—The indefinite pronoun ἄλλος another (Lat. alius, cp. 110) is declined like αὐτός: ἄλλος, ἄλλη, ἄλλο (never ἄλλον).

Δεῖνα.—The indefinite pronoun δεῖνα, always used with the article, means such a one. It is declined thus: sing. ὁ, ἡ, τὸ δεῖνα; τοῦ, τῆς, τοῦ δεῖνος; τῷ, τῇ, τῷ δεῖνι; τὸν, τὴν, τὸ δεῖνα; plur. (masc.) οἱ δεῖνες, τῶν δείνων, τοὺς δεῖνας. Example: ὁ δεῖνα τοῦ δεῖνος τὸν δεῖνα εἰσήγγειλεν such a one son of such a one impeached such a one [D.] 13. 5. δεῖνα is rarely indeclinable. Its use is colloquial and it occurs (in poetry) only in comedy.

Other indefinite pronominal adjectives are: ἕτερος, -ᾱ, -ον: with article, the other, one of two, the one (Lat. alter, alteruter); without article, other, another, a second (alius). By crasis (69) ᾱ̔́τερος, θᾱ́τερον, etc. ἑκάτερος, -ᾱ, -ον: each (of two) uterque; pl. either party, both parties, as utrique. ἕκαστος, -η, -ον: each, each one, every, every one, used of more than one (quisque). μόνος, -η, -ον: alone, only, sole. πᾶς (299): all, entire, every. The negatives οὐδείς, μηδείς (349 b) no one (poetical οὔτις, μήτις, in prose only οὔτι, μήτι, declined like τὶς; accent 186), Lat. nemo, nullus. οὐδέτερος, μηδέτερος neither of two (Lat. neuter).

The relative pronoun ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that is declined thus:

a. The feminine dual forms ᾱ̔́ and αἷν are seldom, if ever, used in Attic.

b. ὅς is used as a demonstrative in Homer and sometimes in prose (1113).

c. The enclitic particle -περ may be added to a relative pronoun (or adverb) to emphasize the connection between the relative and its antecedent. Thus, ὅσ-περ, ἥ-περ, ὅ-περ the very person who, the very thing which; so ὥσπερ just as. ὅσπερ is declined like ὅς.

d. Enclitic τε is added in ἐφ᾽ ᾧτε on condition that, οἷός τε (186 a) able to, ἅτε inasmuch as.

The indefinite or general relative pronoun ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι whoever (any-who, any-which), any one who, whatever, anything which, inflects each part (ὅς and τὶς) separately. For the accent, see 186.

a. The neuter ὅ τι is sometimes printed ὅ, τι to avoid confusion with the conjunction ὅτι that, because.

b. The shorter forms are rare in prose, but almost universal in poetry (especially ὅτου, ὅτῳ). Inscriptions have almost always ὅτου, ὅτῳ, ἅττα.

c. The plural ἅττα is to be distinguished from ἄττα (334 a).

d. τὶς may be added to ὁπότερος, ὅσος, οἷος (340) to make them more indefinite, as ὁποῖός τις of whatsoever kind.

e. οὖν, δή, or δήποτε may be added to the indefinite pronouns to make them as general as possible, as ὁστισοῦν (or ὅστις οὖν), ἡτισοῦν, ὁτιοῦν any one whatever, any thing whatever, and so ὁποιουσ-τινασ-οῦν, ὁστισ-δή-ποτε, or ὁστισ-δηποτ-οῦν. In these combinations all relative or interrogative force is lost.

f. The uncompounded relatives are often used in an exclamatory sense, and sometimes as indirect interrogatives. Indefinite relatives may be used as indirect interrogatives.

Many pronominal adjectives correspond to each other in form and meaning. In the following list poetic or rare forms are placed in ().