(with ἀνά, εἰς, κατά) manner

ἀνά (Lesb. ὀν, Lat. an- in anhelare, Eng. on): originally up to, up (opposed to κατά). Cp. ἄνω.

1. ἀνά with the Dative

Local only (Epic, Lyric, and in tragic choruses): ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ upon a staff A 15.

2. ἀνά with the Accusative

Up along; over, through, among (of horizontal motion). Usually avoided by Attic prose writers except Xenophon (three times in the orators).

a. Local: To a higher point: ἀνὰ τὸν ποταμόν up stream Hdt. 1.194 (cp. κατὰ τὸν ποταμόν). Extension: ἀνὰ στρατόν through the camp A 10, ἀνὰ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν over the whole earth X. Ag. 11. 16, βασιλῆας ἀνὰ στόμ᾽ ἔχων having kings in thy mouth B 250 (cp. διὰ στόματος ἔχειν).

b. Extension in Time: ἀνὰ νύκτα through the night Ξ 80. See c.

c. Other relations: Distributively: ἀνὰ ἑκατὸν ἄνδρας by hundreds X. A. 3.4.21, ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέρᾱν daily X. C. 1.2.8. Manner: ἀνὰ κράτος with all their might (up to their strength) X. A. 1.10.15 (better Attic κατὰ κράτος), ἀνὰ λόγον proportionately P. Ph. 110d.

3. ἀνά in Composition

Up (ἀνίστασθαι stand up, ἀναστρέφειν turn upside down), back (ἀναχωρεῖν go back, ἀναμιμνῄσκειν remind), again (ἀναπνεῖν breathe again, ἀναπειρᾶσθαι practise constantly), often with a reversing force force (ἀναλῡ́ειν unlcose).

εἰς, ἐς into, to, opposed to ἐξ; from ἐν + ς (cp. Lat. abs from ab + s). See on ἐν. On εἰς with the genitive by ellipsis, see 1302.

1. εἰς with the Accusative only

In the Old Attic alphabet (2 a), generally used in Attica in the fifth century, ΕΣ was written, and this may be either εἰς or ἐς. In the fourth century ΕΙΣ was generally written. In Thuc. ἐς is printed, but its correctness may be doubted; other Attic prose writers use εἰς, the poets εἰς or (less frequently) ἐς. It is not true that in poetry ἐς is used only before consonants, εἰς only before vowels.

a. Local: of the goal: Σικελοὶ ἐξ Ἰταλίᾱς διέβησαν ἐς Σικελίᾱν the Sicels crossed over out of Italy into Sicily T. 6.2; with a personal object: ἦλθεν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίᾱς ἐς ἀνθρώπους ἀπόρους he came from Asia to (a land of) poor men T. 1.9, ἐσπέμπει γράμματα ἐς (v. l. πρὸς) βασιλέᾱ he dispatches a letter to (the palace of) the king 1. 137 (of sending, etc., to individuals ὡς or πρός is used); against: ἐστράτευσαν ἐς τὴν Ἀττικήν they invaded Attica T. 3.1, πόλεμος τοῖς Κορινθίοις ἐς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους war between the Corinthians and the Athenians 1. 55; with verbs of rest, 1659 b. The idea of motion holds where Eng. uses in or at: τελευτᾶν εἴς τι to end in T. 2.51. Extension: Πελοποννησίους διαβαλεῖν ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας to raise a prejudice against the Peloponnesians among the Greeks T. 3.109; in the presence of (coram): ἐς τὸ κοινὸν λέγειν to speak before the assembly 4. 58.

b. Temporal: of the goal: up to, until: ἐς ἐμέ up to my time Hdt. 1.52, ἐς τέλος finally 3. 40; at (by) such a time (of a fixed or expected time): προεῖπε εἰς τρίτην ἡμέρᾱν παρεῖναι commanded them to be present on the third day X. C. 3.1.42, ἥκετε εἰς τριᾱκοστὴν ἡμέρᾱν come on the thirtieth day 5. 3. 6. Limit of time attained: εἰς τοιοῦτον καιρὸν ἀφῑγμένοι arriving at such a time L. 16.5. Extension (over future time): εἰς τὸν λοιπὸν χρόνον in all future time L. 16.2.

c. Measure and Limit with numerals: εἰς χῑλίους to the number of (up to) a thousand X. A. 1.8.5, εἰς δύο two abreast 2. 4. 26, ἐς δραχμήν to the amount of a drachma T. 8.29.

d. Other relations: Goal, Purpose, Intention: ἡ σὴ πατρὶς εἰς σὲ ἀποβλέπει your country looks for help to you X. H. 6.1.8, χρῆσθαι εἰς τᾱ̀ς σφενδόνᾱς to use for the slings X. A. 3.4.17, παιδεύειν εἰς ἀρετήν to train with a view to virtue P. G. 519e. Relation to: καλὸν εἰς στρατιᾱ́ν excellent for the army X. C. 3.3.6, often in Thuc. ( = πρός with accus.). Manner: εἰς καιρόν in season X. C. 3.1.8, εἰς δύναμιν to the extent of one's powers 4. 5. 52.

2. εἰς in Composition

Into, in, to (εἰσβαίνειν enter, εἰσπρᾱ́ττειν get in, exact a debt).

κατά down (cp. κάτω), opposed to ἀνά. With the genitive (the genitive proper (of the goal) and the ablatival genitive) and the accusative. With the genitive, the motion is perpendicular; with the accusative, horizontal.

1. κατά with the Genitive

a. Local: down from, down toward, under: ἁλάμενοι κατὰ τῆς πέτρᾱς having leapt down from the rock X. A. 4.2.17, κατ᾽ ἄκρᾱς utterly, completely (down from the summit) P. L. 909b, ψῡχὴ κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο his soul went down under the earth Ψ 100, μύρον κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχέαντες having poured myrrh (down) over their heads P. R. 398a; rarely of rest: ὁ κατὰ γῆς the man under the earth X. C. 4.6.5.

b. Temporal (very rare): κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος for all eternity Lyc. 7.

c. Other relations: against, as κατ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ ἐρεῖν to speak against myself P. A. 37b; rarely in a favourable or neutral sense, as οἱ κατὰ Δημοσθένους ἔπαινοι the eulogies on Demosthenes Aes. 3.50, κατὰ πάντων λέγειν to speak with regard to all X. C. 1.2.16; by (with verbs of swearing), as ὀμνύντων τὸν ὅρκον κατὰ ἱερῶν τελείων let them swear the oath by (lit. down over) fullgrown victims T. 5.47.

2. κατά with the Accusative

a. Local: ἔπλεον κατὰ ποταμόν they sailed down-stream Hdt. 4.44, κατὰ τᾱ̀ς εἰσόδους ἐφεπόμενοι following to the entrances X. C. 3.3.64. Extension: καθ᾽ ὅλην τὴν πόλιν throughout the entire city Lyc. 40, κατὰ γῆν by land L. 2.32, διώκοντες τοὺς καθ᾽ αὑτούς pursuing those stationed opposite themselves X. A. 1.10.4.

b. Temporal (post-Homeric): κατὰ πλοῦν during the voyage T. 3.32, κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον at that time 1. 139, οἱ καθ᾽ ἑαυτόν his contemporaries D. 20.73.

c. Other relations: Purpose: κατὰ θέᾱν ἧκεν came for the purpose of seeing T. 6.31. Conformity: κατὰ τούτους ῥήτωρ an orator after their style P. A. 17b, κατὰ τοὺς νόμους according to the laws D. 8.2. Ground on which an act is based: κατὰ φιλίᾱν owing to friendship T. 1.60. Comparisons: μείζω ἢ κατὰ δάκρυα πεπονθότες having endured sufferings too great for (than according to) tears 7. 75 (cp. maior quam pro). Manner: καθ᾽ ἡσυχίᾱν quietly T. 6.64. Distribution: κατ᾽ ἔθνη nation by nation T. 1.122, δέκα δραχμαὶ κατ᾽ ἄνδρα ten drachmae the man Aes. 3.187, κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτούς per se T. 1.79. Approximate numbers: κατὰ πεντήκοντα about fifty Hdt. 6.79.

3. κατά in Composition

Down from above (καταπῑ́πτειν fall down), back (καταλείπειν leave behind), against, adversely (καταγιγνώσκειν condemn, decide against, καταφρονεῖν despise), completely (καταπετροῦν stone to death, κατεσθίειν eat up), often with an intensive force that cannot be translated. An intransitive verb when compounded with κατά may become transitive (1559).