(with ἀπό, ἐξ, πρός, ὑπό, παρά) agent

διά (Lesb. ζά) through, originally through and out of, and apart (separation by cleavage), a force seen in comp. (cp. Lat. dis-, Germ. zwi-schen).

1. διά with the Genitive

a. Local: through and out of (cp. Hom. διέκ, διαπρό), as δι᾽ ὤμου ἔγχος ἦλθεν the spear went clear through his shoulder Δ 481, ἀκοῦσαι διὰ τέλους to listen from beginning to end Lyc. 16. Through, but not out of: διὰ πολεμίᾱς (γῆς) πορεύεσθαι to march through the enemy's country X. Hi. 2.8 and often in figurative expressions: διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν to control T. 2.13, διὰ στόματος ἔχειν to have in one's mouth (be always talking of) X. C. 1.4.25 (also ἀνὰ στόμα).

b. Temporal: of uninterrupted duration, as διὰ νυκτός through the night X. A. 4.6.22, διὰ παντός constantly T. 2.49.

c. Intervals of Space or Time: διὰ δέκα ἐπάλξεων at intervals of ten battlements T. 3.21, διὰ χρόνου after an interval L. 1.12, intermittently Aes. 3.220, διὰ πολλοῦ at a long distance T. 3.94.

d. Other relations: Means, Mediation (per): αὐτὸς δι᾽ ἑαυτοῦ ipse per se D. 48.15, διὰ τούτου γράμματα πέμψᾱς sending a letter by this man Aes. 3.162. State or feeling: with εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, ἔχειν, of a property or quality: διὰ φόβου εἰσί they are afraid T. 6.34, δι᾽ ἡσυχίᾱς εἶχεν he kept in quiet 2. 22, ἐλθεῖν ἡμῖν διὰ μάχης to meet us in battle 2. 11, αὐτοῖς διὰ φιλίᾱς ἰέναι to enter into friendship with them X. A. 3.2.8. Manner: διὰ ταχέων quickly T. 4.8.

2. διά with the Accusative

a. Local: of space traversed, through, over (Epic, Lyric, tragic choruses): διὰ δώματα through the halls A 600; διὰ νύκτα Θ 510 is quasi-temporal.

b. Cause: owing to, thanks to, on account of, in consequence of (cp. propter, ob): διὰ τοὺς θεοὺς ἐσῳζόμην I was saved thanks to the gods D. 18.249, τῑμώμενος μὴ δι᾽ ἑαυτόν, ὰλλὰ διὰ δόξαν προγόνων honoured, not for himself, but on account of the renown of his ancestors P. Menex. 247b. So in εἰ μὴ διά τινα (τι) had it not been for in statements of an (unsurmounted) obstacle: φαίνονται κρατήσαντες ἂν τῶν βασιλέως πρᾱγμάτων, εἰ μὴ διὰ Κῦρον it seems they would have got the better of the power of the king, had it not been for Cyrus I. 5.92.

c. διά is rarely used (in place of ἕνεκα) to denote a purpose or object: διὰ τὴν σφετέρᾱν δόξαν for the sake of their honour T. 2.89, δι᾽ ἐπήρειαν for spite D. 39.32 (cp. διὰ νόσον ἕνεκα ὑγιείᾱς on account of disease in order to gain health P. Lys. 218e).

d. διά with gen. is used of direct, διά with accus. of indirect, agency (fault, merit, of a person, thing, or situation). διά with gen. is used of an agent employed to bring about an intended result; διά with accus. is used of a person, thing, or state beyond our control (accidental agency). (1) Persons: ἔπρᾱξαν ταῦτα δι᾽ Εὐρυμάχου they effected this by the mediation of Eurymachus T. 2.2, τὰ διὰ τούτους ἀπολωλότα what has been lost by (the fault of) these men D. 6.34. The accus. marks a person as an agent not as an instrument. (2) Things: νόμοι, δι᾽ ὧν ἐλευθέριος ὁ βίος παρασκευασθήσεται laws, by means of which a life of freedom will be provided X. C. 3.3.52, διὰ τοὺς νόμους βελτῑ́ους γιγνόμενοι ἄνθρωποι men become better thanks to the laws 8. 1. 22. Sometimes there is little difference between the two cases: δι᾽ ὧν ἅπαντ᾽ ἀπώλετο D. 18.33, δι᾽ οὓς ἅπαντ᾽ ἀπώλετο 18. 35.

N.—διά with gen. ( = through) is distinguished from the simple dative ( = by): δι᾽ οὗ ὁρῶμεν καὶ ᾧ ἀκούομεν P. Th. 184c.

e. For διά with accus. to express the reason for an action, the dative is sometimes used (1517): τοῖς πεπρᾱγμένοις φοβούμενος τοὺς Ἀθηναίους fearing the Athenians by reason of what had happened T. 3.98. The dative specifies the reason less definitely than διά with the accusative.

f. When used in the same sentence, the dative may express the immediate, διά with the accus. the remoter, cause: ἀσθενείᾳ σωμάτων διὰ τὴν σῑτοδείᾱν ὑπεχώρουν they gave ground from the fact that they were weak through lack of food T. 4.36.

g. διά with accus. contrasted with ὑπό with gen.: φήσομεν αὐτὸ δι᾽ ἐκεῖνα ὑπὸ τῆς αὑτοῦ κακίᾱς ἀπολωλέναι we shall say that it (the body) is destroyed on account of those (remoter) causes (as badness of food) by its own evil (immediately) P. R. 609e.

3. διά in Composition

Through, across, over (διαβαίνειν cross), apart, asunder (διακόπτειν cut in two, διακρῑ́νειν discernere, διαφέρειν differ, διαζυγνύναι disjoin), severally (διαδιδόναι distribute).

δια- often denotes intensity, continuance, or fulfilment (διαμένειν remain to the end, διαφθείρειν destroy completely). δια- is common in the reciprocal middle (1726), as in διαλέγεσθαι converse; often of rivalry (οἱ διαπολῑτευόμενοι rival statesmen, διακοντίζεσθαι contend in throwing the javelin).

ἐπί (cp. Lat. ob) upon, on, on the surface of; opposed to ὑπό under, and to ὑπέρ when ὑπέρ means above the surface of.

1. ἐπί with the Genitive

a. Local: upon: οὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ γῆς οὔθ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς neither upon the earth nor under the earth P. Menex. 246d, ἐπὶ θρόνου ἐκαθέζετο he seated himself on a throne X. C. 6.1.6; of the vehicle (lit. or figur.) upon which: ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ὀχεῖσθαι to ride on horseback 4. 5. 58 (never ἐπί with dat.), ἐπὶ τῆς ἐμῆς νεώς on my ship L. 21.6; in the direction of: ἐπὶ Σάρδεων ἔφευγε he fled toward Sardis X. C. 7.2.1; in the presence of (cp. παρά with dat.): ἐπὶ μαρτύρων before witnesses Ant. 2. γ. 8. ἐπί is rarely used of mere proximity in poetry or standard prose.

N.—In expressions of simple superposition ἐπί with the gen. denotes familiar relations and natural position; whereas ἐπί with the dat. gives clear and emphatic outlines to statements of the definite place of an object or action, is used in detailed pictures, and marks the object in the dative as distinct from the subject of the verbal action. ἐπί with the gen. is colourless and phraseological, and often makes, with the verb or the subject, a compound picture. Even in contrasting two objects ἐπί with gen. is used since no special point is made of position. With (unemphatic) pronouns of reference (αὐτοῦ) ἐπί with gen. is much more frequent than ἐπί with dat. The distinction between the two cases is often the result of feeling; and certain phrases become stereotyped, now with the gen., now with the dat.

b. Temporal, usually with personal gen.: in the time of: ἐπὶ τῶν προγόνων in the time of our ancestors Aes. 3.178, ἐπ᾽ ἐμοῦ in my time T. 7.86, ἐπὶ τοῦ Δεκελεικοῦ πολέμου in the Decelean war D. 22.15.

c. Other relations: μενεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνοίᾱς τῆς αὐτῆς to persist in the same folly D. 8.14, ἃ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁρᾶτε, ταῦτ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ῡ̔μῶν αὐτῶν ἀγνοεῖτε what you see in the case of others, that you ignore in your own case I. 8.114, ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν they proceeded by themselves X. A. 2.4.10, ἐπὶ τεττάρων four deep 1. 2. 15, οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν πρᾱγμάτων the men in power D. 18.247.

2. ἐπί with the Dative

a. Local: on, by: οἰκοῦσιν ἐπὶ τῷ ἰσθμῷ they dwell on the isthmus T. 1.56, τὸ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ τεῖχος the wall by the sea 7. 4. The dat. with ἐπί denotes proxim ity much more frequently than the gen. with ἐπί; but denotes superposition less often than the gen. with ἐπί.

b. Temporal (rare in prose): ἦν ἥλιος ἐπὶ δυσμαῖς the sun was near setting X. A. 7.3.34.

c. Other relations: Succession, Addition: τὸ ἐπὶ τούτῳ γ᾽ ἀπόκρῑναι answer the next question P. A. 27b, ἀνέστη ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ he rose up after him X. C. 2.3.7, ἐπὶ τῷ σῑ́τῳ ὄψον relish with bread X. M. 3.14.2. Supervision: ἄρχων ἐπὶ τούτοις ἦν there was a commander over them X. C. 5.3.56. Dependence: καθ᾽ ὅσον ἐστὶν ἐπ᾽ ἐμοί as far as is in my power I. 6.8. Condition: ἐφ᾽ οἷς τὴν εἰρήνην ἐποιησάμεθα on what terms we made the peace D. 8.5. Reason, motive, end, as with verbs of emotion (instead of the simple dative, 1517): πάντα ταῦτα θαυμάζω ἐπὶ τῷ κάλλει I am astonished at all these trees because of their beauty X. O. 4.21, οὐκ ἐπὶ τέχνῃ ἔμαθες ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ παιδείᾳ you learned this not to make it a profession but to gain general culture P. Pr. 312b. Hostility (less common in prose than in poetry; usually with accus.): ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ Μήδῳ ξυμμαχίᾱ the alliance against the Medes T. 3.63. Price: ἐπὶ πόσῳ; for how much? P. A. 41a.

3. ἐπί with the Accusative

a. Local: of the goal: ἐξελαύνει ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν he marches to the river X. A. 1.4.11, ἀφῑ́κοντο ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν they arrived at the river 4. 7. 18 (rarely the gen. with verbs of arrival), ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον he mounted his horse X. C. 7.1.1. Extension: ἐπὶ πᾶσαν Ἀσίᾱν ἐλλόγιμοι famous over all Asia P. Criti. 112e.

b. Temporal: extension: ἐπὶ πολλᾱ̀ς ἡμέρᾱς for many days D. 21.41.

c. Quantity, measure: ἐπὶ μῑκρόν a little, ἐπὶ πλέον still more, ἐπὶ πᾶν in general, πλάτος ἔχων πλεῖον ἢ ἐπὶ δύο στάδια wider than (up to) two stades X. C. 7.5.8.

d. Other relations: Purpose, object in view: πέμπειν ἐπὶ κατασκοπήν to send for the purpose of reconnoitering X. C. 6.2.9, ἀπέστειλαν ἐπὶ χρήματα they sent for money T. 6.74. Hostility: ἔπλεον ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους they sailed against the Athenians 2. 90. Reference: τὸ ἐπ᾽ ἐμέ (with or without εἶναι) as far as I am concerned (more commonly ἐπ᾽ ἐμοί); τό γε ἐπ᾽ ἐκεῖνον εἶναι L. 13.58.

N.—To express purpose ἐπί with accus. is generally used when the purpose involves actual or implied motion to an object; ἐπί with dat. is used when the purpose may be attained by mental activity.

4. ἐπί in Composition

Upon (ἐπιγράφειν write upon), over (ἐπιπλεῖν sail over), at, of cause (ἐπιχαίρειν rejoice over or at), to, toward (ἐπιβοηθεῖν send assistance to), in addition (ἐπιδιδόναι give in addition), against (ἐπιβουλεύειν plot against), after (ἐπιγίγνεσθαι be born after, ἐπισκευάζειν repair); causative (ἐπαληθεύειν verify); intensity (ἐπικρύπτειν hide; ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι further deliberate = reflect); reciprocity (ἐπιμείγνυσθαι ἀλλήλοις exchange friendly dealings).

παρά (Hom. παραί, Lat. por- in porrigere) alongside, by, near. Except with the accusative παρά is commonly used of persons and personified things.

1. παρά with the (Ablatival) Genitive

Usually coming or proceeding from a person, in Hom. also of things; cp. de chez.

a. Local: οἱ αὐτομολοῦντες παρὰ βασιλέως the deserters from the king X. A. 2.1.6. In poetry, where we might expect the dat. (1659 a): ἔγρετο παρ᾽ Ἥρης lit. he awoke from the side of Hera O 5. In standard Attic prose παρά with the gen. of a thing is excessively rare. When so used, the thing is personified, or the thing implies a person (as πόλις, ἀρχή, θέᾱτρον).

b. Author, Source (cp. 1410): with verbs of receiving, taking, asking, learning, sending, etc.: παρὰ Μήδων τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐλάμβανον Πέρσαι the Persians wrested the empire from the Medes X. A. 3.4.8, παρὰ σοῦ ἐμάθομεν we learned from you X. C. 2.2.6; ἡ παρὰ τῶν θεῶν εὔνοια the good-will on the part of the gods D. 2.1 (less commonly ἀπό); with passives and intransitives (instead of ὑπό with the gen. of the agent): τὰ παρὰ τῆς τύχης δωρηθέντα the gifts of Fortune I. 4.26, τοῦτο παρὰ πάντων ὁμολογεῖται this is acknowledged on all sides (on the part of all) L. 30.12.

2. παρά with the Dative

Almost always of persons in standard Attic prose; cp. chez.

a. Local: οὐ παρὰ μητρὶ σῑτοῦνται οἱ παῖδες, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τῷ διδασκάλῳ the boys do not eat with their mothers, but with their teachers X. C. 1.2.8, παρ᾽ ἐμοί σκηνοῦν to mess with me (as chez moi) 6. 1. 49; of things: τὰ παρὰ θαλάττη χωρία the places along the sea X. A. 7.2.25.

b. Other relations: Possessor: τὸ μὲν χρῡσίον παρὰ τούτῳ, οἱ δὲ κίνδῡνοι παρ᾽ ῡ̔μῖν this man has the gold, you the dangers Aes. 3.240; of the superior in command: οἱ παρὰ βασιλεῖ ὄντες those under the king X. A. 1.5.16; of the person judging: ἀναίτιος παρὰ τοῖς στρατιώταις blameless in the opinion of the troops X. C. 1.6.10, ὁμολογεῖται παρὰ τῷ δήμῳ it is agreed in the opinion of the people Lyc. 54 (here παρά denotes the sphere of judgment); with the gen. after a passive (1692. 1. b) it denotes the source.

3. παρά with the Accusative

a. Local: of motion to, in prose only of persons: ἧκε παρ᾽ ἐμέ come to me X. C. 4.5.25; motion along, by, past (a place): παρὰ γῆν πλεῖν sail along shore T. 6.13; of parallel extent (along, alongside, beside) with verbs of motion and of rest (often the dat.), and often when no verb is used: ἥνπερ ἔλαβον ναῦν, ἀνέθεσαν παρὰ τὸ τροπαῖον the ship they captured they set up alongside of the trophy T. 2.92, εἶπεν αὐτῷ μένειν παρ᾽ ἑαυτόν he told him to remain close by him X. C. 1.4.18, τὸ πεδίον τὸ παρὰ τὸν ποταμόν the plain extending along the river X. A. 4.3.1, ἦν παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη there was a spring by the road 1. 2. 13. Contrary to: παρὰ τοὺς νόμους ἢ κατ᾽ αὐτούς contrary to (i.e. going past) the laws or in accordance with them D. 23.20; in addition to (along beside): ἔχω παρὰ ταῦτα ἄλλο τι λέγειν besides this I have to say something else P. Ph. 107a. Phrase: παρ᾽ ὀλίγον ἐποιοῦντο Κλέανδρον they treated Cleander as of no account (cp. ‘next to nothing’) X. A. 6.6.11.

b. Temporal: (duration) παρὰ πάντα τὸν χρόνον throughout the whole time D. 5.2, (momentary) παρὰ τὰ δεινά in the hour of danger Aes. 3.170, παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τᾱ̓δικήματα at the time of (i.e. immediately after) the offences themselves D. 18.13.

c. Other relations: Cause = διά: παρὰ τὴν ἡμετέρᾱν ἀμέλειαν in consequence of our negligence D. 4.11, εἰ παρὰ τὸ προαισθέσθαι κεκώλῡται if it was prevented by being perceived in advance 19. 42. Dependence: παρὰ τοῦτο γέγονε τὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων the fortunes of the Greeks depend on this D. 18.232. Measure: παρὰ μῑκρὸν ἤλθομεν ἐξανδραποδισθῆναι we had a narrow escape (came by a little) from being enslaved I. 7.6, παρὰ πολύ by far T. 2.8. Comparison: ἐξέτασον παρ᾽ ἄλληλα contrast with each other D. 18.265, χειμὼν μείζων παρὰ τὴν καθεστηκυῖαν ὥρᾱν stormy weather more severe than was to be expected at the season then present T. 4.6.

4. παρά in Composition

Alongside, by, beside (παριέναι go alongside), beyond, past (παρελαύνειν drive past), over (παρορᾶν overlook), aside, amiss (παρακούειν misunderstand).

πρός (Hom. also προτί), at, by (fronting). Of like meaning, but of different origin, is Hom. ποτί.

1. πρός with the Genitive

a. Local (not common in prose): τὸ πρὸς ἑσπέρᾱς τεῖχος the wall facing the west X. H. 4.4.18, τὰ ὑποζύγια ἔχοντες πρὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ having the pack-animals on the side toward the river X. A. 2.2.4.

b. Other relations: Descent: πρὸς πατρός on the father's side Aes. 3.169. Characteristic: οὐ γὰρ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κῡ́ρου τρόπου for it was not the way of Cyrus X. A. 1.2.11. Point of view of a person: πρὸς ἀνθρώπων αἰσχρός base in the eyes of men 2. 5. 20. Agent as the source, with passive verbs (instead of ὑπό): ὁμολογεῖται πρὸς πάντων it is agreed by all 1. 9. 20; to the advantage of; σπονδᾱ̀ς ποιησάμενος πρὸς Θηβαίων μᾶλλον ἢ πρὸς ἑαυτ ῶν making a truce more to the advantage of the Thebans than of his own party X. H. 7.1.17; in oaths and entreaties: πρὸς θεῶν by the gods X. H. 2.4.21.

2. πρός with the Dative

In a local sense, denoting proximity (generally, in prose, of towns or buildings, not of persons): πρὸς τῇ πόλει τὴν μάχην ποιεῖσθαι to fight near the city T. 6.49; sometimes like ἐν, as πρὸς ἱεροῖς τοῖς κοινοῖς ἀνατεθῆναι to be dedicated in the common shrines T. 3.57. Occupation: ἦν ὅλος πρὸς τῷ λήμματι he was wholly intent upon his gain D. 19.127. In addition to: πρὸς αὐτοῖς besides these T. 7.57. In the presence of: πρὸς τῷ διαιτητῆ λέγειν to speak before the arbitrator D. 39.22.

3. πρός with the Accusative

a. Local (direction toward or to, strictly fronting, facing): ῡ̔μᾶς ἄξομεν πρὸς αὐτούς we will lead you to them X. A. 7.6.6, πρὸς νότον (toward the) south T. 3.6, ἰέναι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους to go against the enemy X. A. 2.6.10.

b. Temporal (rare): πρὸς ἡμέρᾱν toward daybreak X. H. 2.4.6.

c. Other relations: friendly or hostile relation: πρὸς ἐμὲ λέγετε speak to me X. C. 6.4.19, φιλίᾱ πρὸς ῡ̔μᾶς friendship with you I. 5.32, ἔχθρᾱ πρὸς τοὺς Ἀργείους enmity to the Argives T. 2.68, but ἡ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἔχθρᾱ our enmity 6. 80, ἡ ἀπέχθεια πρὸς τοὺς Θηβαίους our enmity to the Thebans and the enmity of the Thebans to us D. 18.36. With words of hating, accusing, and their opposites, πρός is used either of the subject or of the object or of both parties involved. With words denoting warfare πρός indicates a double relation, and the context must determine which party is the aggressor or assailant: ναυμαχίᾱ Κορινθίων πρὸς Κερκῡραίους a sea-fight between the Corinthians and the Corcyreans T. 1.13 (here καί often suffices, as ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Ἠλείων πόλεμος X. H. 3.2.31). Relation in general: οὐδὲν αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἐστίν he has nothing to do with the city D. 21.44, πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσεβῶς ἔχειν to be pious toward the gods Lyc. 15. Purpose: πρὸς τί; to what end? X. C. 6.3.20, πρὸς χάριν λέγειν to speak in order to court favour D. 4.51; with a view to (often nearly = διά): πρὸς ταῦτα βουλεύεσθε εὖ wherefore be well advised T. 4.87, πρὸς τὰ παρόντα in consequence of the present circumstances 6. 41. Conformity: πρὸς τὴν ἀξίᾱν according to merit X. C. 8.4.29. Standard of judgment: οὐδὲ πρὸς ἀργύριον τὴν εὐδαιμονίᾱν ἔκρῑνον nor did they estimate happiness by the money-standard I. 4.76, χώρᾱ ὡς πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πολῑτῶν ἐλαχίστη a territory very small in proportion to the number of its citizens 4. 107; and hence of comparison: οί φαυλότεροι τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τοὺς ξυνετωτέρους . . . ἄμεινον οἰκοῦσι τᾱ̀ς πόλεις the simpler class of men, in comparison with the more astute, manage their public affairs better T. 3.37. Exchange: ἡδονᾱ̀ς πρὸς ἡδονᾱ̀ς καταλλάττεσθαι to exchange pleasures for pleasures P. Ph. 69a.

4. πρός in Composition

To, toward (προσελαύνειν drive to, προστρέπειν turn toward), in addition (προσλαμβάνειν take in addition), against (προσκρούειν strike against, be angry with). Often in the general sense of additionally, qualifying the whole sentence rather than the verb.

ὑπό (Hom. also ὑπαί, Lesbian ὐπα-), under, by, Lat. sub.

1. ὑπό with the Genitive

a. Local (rare in Attic prose): out from under (poet., cp. ὑπέκ): ῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους a spring flows out from a cave ι 140, λαβὼν βοῦν ὑπὸ ἁμάξης taking an ox from a wagon X. A. 6.4.25; under (of rest): τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς (a fixed phrase) ἅπαντα all things under the earth P. A. 18b.

b. Other relations (metaphorically under the agency of): Direct agent (with passives and with verbs having a passive force); contrast διά, 1685. 2. d: σωθέντες ὑπὸ σοῦ saved by you X. A. 2.5.14, αἰσθόμενος ὑπ᾽ αὐτομόλων informed by deserters T. 5.2, εὖ ἀκούειν ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων to be well spoken of by men X. A. 7.7.23. With passive nouns: ἡ ὑπὸ Μελήτου γραφή the indictment brought by Meletus X. M. 4.4.4, κλῆσις ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς invitation by the Senate D. 19.32. External cause: ἀπώλετο ὑπὸ λῑμοῦ perished of hunger X. A. 1.5.5, οὐκ ἐπὶ πολὺ ὑπὸ τῶν ἰππέων ἐξιόντες not going out far because of the cavalry T. 6.37. Internal cause: ὑπὸ τῶν μεγίστων νῑκηθέντες, τῑμῆς καὶ δέους καὶ ὠφελίᾱς constrained by the strongest motives, honour and fear and profit T. 1.76. External accompaniment, as pressure, in ἐτόξευον ὑπὸ μαστῑ́γων they shot under the lash X. A. 3.4.25; sound, in ὑπὸ αὐλητῶν to the accompaniment of flute-players T. 5.70; light, in ὑπὸ φᾱνοῦ πορεύεσθαι to go with a torch X. R. L. 5.7. Manner: ὑπὸ σπουδῆς hastily T. 3.33.

N. 1.—ὑπό with the genitive of a thing personifies the thing. The things so personified are (1) words implying a person, as λόγοι, (2) external circumstances, as συμφορᾱ́, κίνδῡνος, νόμος, (3) natural phenomena, as χειμών, (4) emotions, as φθόνος. The dative may also be employed. See 1493, 1494.

N. 2.—On ὑπό to express the personal agent with the perf. pass. see 1493.

2. ὑπό with the Dative

a. Local: under (of rest): ἑστάναι ὑπό τινι δένδρῳ to stand under a tree P. Phil. 38c. ὑπό of place is more common with the dative than with the genitive.

b. Other relations: Agent (poetic, except with verbs signifying to educate): ὑπὸ παιδοτρίβῃ ἀγαθῷ πεπαιδευμένος educated under (the guidance of) a good master P. Lach. 184e. Coöperative cause (poet.): βῆ ὑπ᾽ ἀμῡ́μονι πομπῇ he went under a blameless convoy Z 171. Subjection: οί ὑπὸ βασιλεῖ ὄντες the subjects of (i.e. those under) the king X. C. 8.1.6, ὑφ᾽ αὑτῷ ποιήσασθαι to bring under his own power D. 18.40.

3. ὑπό with the Accusative

a. Local: Motion under: ὑπ᾽ αὐτὸν (τὸν λόφον) στήσᾱς τὸ στράτευμα halting the army under the hill X. A. 1.10.14. Motion down under (poet.): εἶμ᾽ ὑπὸ γαῖαν I shall go down under the earth Σ 333. Extension or position: αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι the villages at the foot of the mountain X. A. 7.4.5. Proximity: ὑποκειμένη ἡ Εὔβοια ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀττικήν Euboea lying close by (under) Attica I. 4.108.

b. Temporal (of time impending or in progress): ὑπὸ νύκτα at the approach of night (sub noctem) T. 2.92, ὑπὸ νύκτα during the night Hdt. 9.58, ὑπὸ τὴν εἰρήνην at the time of the peace I. 4.177.

c. Other relations. Subjection: ὑπὸ σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι to bring under their own sway T. 4.60.

4. ὑπό in Composition

Under (ὑποτιθέναι place under), behind (ὑπολείπειν leave behind), secretly (cp. underhand; ὑποπέμπειν send as a spy), gradually (ὑποκαταβαίνειν descend by degrees), slightly (ὑποφαίνειν shine a little); of accompaniment (ὑπᾴδειν accompany with the voice); of an action performed by another (ὑποκηρῡ́ττεσθαι have oneself proclaimed by the herald).