(with ἀπό, διά, ἐξ, μετά, ὑπό, κατά) manner

διά (Lesb. ζά) through, originally through and out of, and apart (separation by cleavage), a force seen in comp. (cp. Lat. dis-, Germ. zwi-schen).

1. διά with the Genitive

a. Local: through and out of (cp. Hom. διέκ, διαπρό), as δι᾽ ὤμου ἔγχος ἦλθεν the spear went clear through his shoulder Δ 481, ἀκοῦσαι διὰ τέλους to listen from beginning to end Lyc. 16. Through, but not out of: διὰ πολεμίᾱς (γῆς) πορεύεσθαι to march through the enemy's country X. Hi. 2.8 and often in figurative expressions: διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν to control T. 2.13, διὰ στόματος ἔχειν to have in one's mouth (be always talking of) X. C. 1.4.25 (also ἀνὰ στόμα).

b. Temporal: of uninterrupted duration, as διὰ νυκτός through the night X. A. 4.6.22, διὰ παντός constantly T. 2.49.

c. Intervals of Space or Time: διὰ δέκα ἐπάλξεων at intervals of ten battlements T. 3.21, διὰ χρόνου after an interval L. 1.12, intermittently Aes. 3.220, διὰ πολλοῦ at a long distance T. 3.94.

d. Other relations: Means, Mediation (per): αὐτὸς δι᾽ ἑαυτοῦ ipse per se D. 48.15, διὰ τούτου γράμματα πέμψᾱς sending a letter by this man Aes. 3.162. State or feeling: with εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, ἔχειν, of a property or quality: διὰ φόβου εἰσί they are afraid T. 6.34, δι᾽ ἡσυχίᾱς εἶχεν he kept in quiet 2. 22, ἐλθεῖν ἡμῖν διὰ μάχης to meet us in battle 2. 11, αὐτοῖς διὰ φιλίᾱς ἰέναι to enter into friendship with them X. A. 3.2.8. Manner: διὰ ταχέων quickly T. 4.8.

2. διά with the Accusative

a. Local: of space traversed, through, over (Epic, Lyric, tragic choruses): διὰ δώματα through the halls A 600; διὰ νύκτα Θ 510 is quasi-temporal.

b. Cause: owing to, thanks to, on account of, in consequence of (cp. propter, ob): διὰ τοὺς θεοὺς ἐσῳζόμην I was saved thanks to the gods D. 18.249, τῑμώμενος μὴ δι᾽ ἑαυτόν, ὰλλὰ διὰ δόξαν προγόνων honoured, not for himself, but on account of the renown of his ancestors P. Menex. 247b. So in εἰ μὴ διά τινα (τι) had it not been for in statements of an (unsurmounted) obstacle: φαίνονται κρατήσαντες ἂν τῶν βασιλέως πρᾱγμάτων, εἰ μὴ διὰ Κῦρον it seems they would have got the better of the power of the king, had it not been for Cyrus I. 5.92.

c. διά is rarely used (in place of ἕνεκα) to denote a purpose or object: διὰ τὴν σφετέρᾱν δόξαν for the sake of their honour T. 2.89, δι᾽ ἐπήρειαν for spite D. 39.32 (cp. διὰ νόσον ἕνεκα ὑγιείᾱς on account of disease in order to gain health P. Lys. 218e).

d. διά with gen. is used of direct, διά with accus. of indirect, agency (fault, merit, of a person, thing, or situation). διά with gen. is used of an agent employed to bring about an intended result; διά with accus. is used of a person, thing, or state beyond our control (accidental agency). (1) Persons: ἔπρᾱξαν ταῦτα δι᾽ Εὐρυμάχου they effected this by the mediation of Eurymachus T. 2.2, τὰ διὰ τούτους ἀπολωλότα what has been lost by (the fault of) these men D. 6.34. The accus. marks a person as an agent not as an instrument. (2) Things: νόμοι, δι᾽ ὧν ἐλευθέριος ὁ βίος παρασκευασθήσεται laws, by means of which a life of freedom will be provided X. C. 3.3.52, διὰ τοὺς νόμους βελτῑ́ους γιγνόμενοι ἄνθρωποι men become better thanks to the laws 8. 1. 22. Sometimes there is little difference between the two cases: δι᾽ ὧν ἅπαντ᾽ ἀπώλετο D. 18.33, δι᾽ οὓς ἅπαντ᾽ ἀπώλετο 18. 35.

N.—διά with gen. ( = through) is distinguished from the simple dative ( = by): δι᾽ οὗ ὁρῶμεν καὶ ᾧ ἀκούομεν P. Th. 184c.

e. For διά with accus. to express the reason for an action, the dative is sometimes used (1517): τοῖς πεπρᾱγμένοις φοβούμενος τοὺς Ἀθηναίους fearing the Athenians by reason of what had happened T. 3.98. The dative specifies the reason less definitely than διά with the accusative.

f. When used in the same sentence, the dative may express the immediate, διά with the accus. the remoter, cause: ἀσθενείᾳ σωμάτων διὰ τὴν σῑτοδείᾱν ὑπεχώρουν they gave ground from the fact that they were weak through lack of food T. 4.36.

g. διά with accus. contrasted with ὑπό with gen.: φήσομεν αὐτὸ δι᾽ ἐκεῖνα ὑπὸ τῆς αὑτοῦ κακίᾱς ἀπολωλέναι we shall say that it (the body) is destroyed on account of those (remoter) causes (as badness of food) by its own evil (immediately) P. R. 609e.

3. διά in Composition

Through, across, over (διαβαίνειν cross), apart, asunder (διακόπτειν cut in two, διακρῑ́νειν discernere, διαφέρειν differ, διαζυγνύναι disjoin), severally (διαδιδόναι distribute).

δια- often denotes intensity, continuance, or fulfilment (διαμένειν remain to the end, διαφθείρειν destroy completely). δια- is common in the reciprocal middle (1726), as in διαλέγεσθαι converse; often of rivalry (οἱ διαπολῑτευόμενοι rival statesmen, διακοντίζεσθαι contend in throwing the javelin).

ἐπί (cp. Lat. ob) upon, on, on the surface of; opposed to ὑπό under, and to ὑπέρ when ὑπέρ means above the surface of.

1. ἐπί with the Genitive

a. Local: upon: οὔτ᾽ ἐπὶ γῆς οὔθ᾽ ὑπὸ γῆς neither upon the earth nor under the earth P. Menex. 246d, ἐπὶ θρόνου ἐκαθέζετο he seated himself on a throne X. C. 6.1.6; of the vehicle (lit. or figur.) upon which: ἐπὶ τῶν ἵππων ὀχεῖσθαι to ride on horseback 4. 5. 58 (never ἐπί with dat.), ἐπὶ τῆς ἐμῆς νεώς on my ship L. 21.6; in the direction of: ἐπὶ Σάρδεων ἔφευγε he fled toward Sardis X. C. 7.2.1; in the presence of (cp. παρά with dat.): ἐπὶ μαρτύρων before witnesses Ant. 2. γ. 8. ἐπί is rarely used of mere proximity in poetry or standard prose.

N.—In expressions of simple superposition ἐπί with the gen. denotes familiar relations and natural position; whereas ἐπί with the dat. gives clear and emphatic outlines to statements of the definite place of an object or action, is used in detailed pictures, and marks the object in the dative as distinct from the subject of the verbal action. ἐπί with the gen. is colourless and phraseological, and often makes, with the verb or the subject, a compound picture. Even in contrasting two objects ἐπί with gen. is used since no special point is made of position. With (unemphatic) pronouns of reference (αὐτοῦ) ἐπί with gen. is much more frequent than ἐπί with dat. The distinction between the two cases is often the result of feeling; and certain phrases become stereotyped, now with the gen., now with the dat.

b. Temporal, usually with personal gen.: in the time of: ἐπὶ τῶν προγόνων in the time of our ancestors Aes. 3.178, ἐπ᾽ ἐμοῦ in my time T. 7.86, ἐπὶ τοῦ Δεκελεικοῦ πολέμου in the Decelean war D. 22.15.

c. Other relations: μενεῖν ἐπὶ τῆς ἀνοίᾱς τῆς αὐτῆς to persist in the same folly D. 8.14, ἃ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁρᾶτε, ταῦτ᾽ ἐφ᾽ ῡ̔μῶν αὐτῶν ἀγνοεῖτε what you see in the case of others, that you ignore in your own case I. 8.114, ἐφ᾽ ἑαυτῶν ἐχώρουν they proceeded by themselves X. A. 2.4.10, ἐπὶ τεττάρων four deep 1. 2. 15, οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν πρᾱγμάτων the men in power D. 18.247.

2. ἐπί with the Dative

a. Local: on, by: οἰκοῦσιν ἐπὶ τῷ ἰσθμῷ they dwell on the isthmus T. 1.56, τὸ ἐπὶ θαλάσσῃ τεῖχος the wall by the sea 7. 4. The dat. with ἐπί denotes proxim ity much more frequently than the gen. with ἐπί; but denotes superposition less often than the gen. with ἐπί.

b. Temporal (rare in prose): ἦν ἥλιος ἐπὶ δυσμαῖς the sun was near setting X. A. 7.3.34.

c. Other relations: Succession, Addition: τὸ ἐπὶ τούτῳ γ᾽ ἀπόκρῑναι answer the next question P. A. 27b, ἀνέστη ἐπ᾽ αὐτῷ he rose up after him X. C. 2.3.7, ἐπὶ τῷ σῑ́τῳ ὄψον relish with bread X. M. 3.14.2. Supervision: ἄρχων ἐπὶ τούτοις ἦν there was a commander over them X. C. 5.3.56. Dependence: καθ᾽ ὅσον ἐστὶν ἐπ᾽ ἐμοί as far as is in my power I. 6.8. Condition: ἐφ᾽ οἷς τὴν εἰρήνην ἐποιησάμεθα on what terms we made the peace D. 8.5. Reason, motive, end, as with verbs of emotion (instead of the simple dative, 1517): πάντα ταῦτα θαυμάζω ἐπὶ τῷ κάλλει I am astonished at all these trees because of their beauty X. O. 4.21, οὐκ ἐπὶ τέχνῃ ἔμαθες ἀλλ᾽ ἐπὶ παιδείᾳ you learned this not to make it a profession but to gain general culture P. Pr. 312b. Hostility (less common in prose than in poetry; usually with accus.): ἡ ἐπὶ τῷ Μήδῳ ξυμμαχίᾱ the alliance against the Medes T. 3.63. Price: ἐπὶ πόσῳ; for how much? P. A. 41a.

3. ἐπί with the Accusative

a. Local: of the goal: ἐξελαύνει ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν he marches to the river X. A. 1.4.11, ἀφῑ́κοντο ἐπὶ τὸν ποταμόν they arrived at the river 4. 7. 18 (rarely the gen. with verbs of arrival), ἀνέβαινεν ἐπὶ τὸν ἵππον he mounted his horse X. C. 7.1.1. Extension: ἐπὶ πᾶσαν Ἀσίᾱν ἐλλόγιμοι famous over all Asia P. Criti. 112e.

b. Temporal: extension: ἐπὶ πολλᾱ̀ς ἡμέρᾱς for many days D. 21.41.

c. Quantity, measure: ἐπὶ μῑκρόν a little, ἐπὶ πλέον still more, ἐπὶ πᾶν in general, πλάτος ἔχων πλεῖον ἢ ἐπὶ δύο στάδια wider than (up to) two stades X. C. 7.5.8.

d. Other relations: Purpose, object in view: πέμπειν ἐπὶ κατασκοπήν to send for the purpose of reconnoitering X. C. 6.2.9, ἀπέστειλαν ἐπὶ χρήματα they sent for money T. 6.74. Hostility: ἔπλεον ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους they sailed against the Athenians 2. 90. Reference: τὸ ἐπ᾽ ἐμέ (with or without εἶναι) as far as I am concerned (more commonly ἐπ᾽ ἐμοί); τό γε ἐπ᾽ ἐκεῖνον εἶναι L. 13.58.

N.—To express purpose ἐπί with accus. is generally used when the purpose involves actual or implied motion to an object; ἐπί with dat. is used when the purpose may be attained by mental activity.

4. ἐπί in Composition

Upon (ἐπιγράφειν write upon), over (ἐπιπλεῖν sail over), at, of cause (ἐπιχαίρειν rejoice over or at), to, toward (ἐπιβοηθεῖν send assistance to), in addition (ἐπιδιδόναι give in addition), against (ἐπιβουλεύειν plot against), after (ἐπιγίγνεσθαι be born after, ἐπισκευάζειν repair); causative (ἐπαληθεύειν verify); intensity (ἐπικρύπτειν hide; ἐπιβουλεύεσθαι further deliberate = reflect); reciprocity (ἐπιμείγνυσθαι ἀλλήλοις exchange friendly dealings).

κατά down (cp. κάτω), opposed to ἀνά. With the genitive (the genitive proper (of the goal) and the ablatival genitive) and the accusative. With the genitive, the motion is perpendicular; with the accusative, horizontal.

1. κατά with the Genitive

a. Local: down from, down toward, under: ἁλάμενοι κατὰ τῆς πέτρᾱς having leapt down from the rock X. A. 4.2.17, κατ᾽ ἄκρᾱς utterly, completely (down from the summit) P. L. 909b, ψῡχὴ κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο his soul went down under the earth Ψ 100, μύρον κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχέαντες having poured myrrh (down) over their heads P. R. 398a; rarely of rest: ὁ κατὰ γῆς the man under the earth X. C. 4.6.5.

b. Temporal (very rare): κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος for all eternity Lyc. 7.

c. Other relations: against, as κατ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ ἐρεῖν to speak against myself P. A. 37b; rarely in a favourable or neutral sense, as οἱ κατὰ Δημοσθένους ἔπαινοι the eulogies on Demosthenes Aes. 3.50, κατὰ πάντων λέγειν to speak with regard to all X. C. 1.2.16; by (with verbs of swearing), as ὀμνύντων τὸν ὅρκον κατὰ ἱερῶν τελείων let them swear the oath by (lit. down over) fullgrown victims T. 5.47.

2. κατά with the Accusative

a. Local: ἔπλεον κατὰ ποταμόν they sailed down-stream Hdt. 4.44, κατὰ τᾱ̀ς εἰσόδους ἐφεπόμενοι following to the entrances X. C. 3.3.64. Extension: καθ᾽ ὅλην τὴν πόλιν throughout the entire city Lyc. 40, κατὰ γῆν by land L. 2.32, διώκοντες τοὺς καθ᾽ αὑτούς pursuing those stationed opposite themselves X. A. 1.10.4.

b. Temporal (post-Homeric): κατὰ πλοῦν during the voyage T. 3.32, κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον at that time 1. 139, οἱ καθ᾽ ἑαυτόν his contemporaries D. 20.73.

c. Other relations: Purpose: κατὰ θέᾱν ἧκεν came for the purpose of seeing T. 6.31. Conformity: κατὰ τούτους ῥήτωρ an orator after their style P. A. 17b, κατὰ τοὺς νόμους according to the laws D. 8.2. Ground on which an act is based: κατὰ φιλίᾱν owing to friendship T. 1.60. Comparisons: μείζω ἢ κατὰ δάκρυα πεπονθότες having endured sufferings too great for (than according to) tears 7. 75 (cp. maior quam pro). Manner: καθ᾽ ἡσυχίᾱν quietly T. 6.64. Distribution: κατ᾽ ἔθνη nation by nation T. 1.122, δέκα δραχμαὶ κατ᾽ ἄνδρα ten drachmae the man Aes. 3.187, κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτούς per se T. 1.79. Approximate numbers: κατὰ πεντήκοντα about fifty Hdt. 6.79.

3. κατά in Composition

Down from above (καταπῑ́πτειν fall down), back (καταλείπειν leave behind), against, adversely (καταγιγνώσκειν condemn, decide against, καταφρονεῖν despise), completely (καταπετροῦν stone to death, κατεσθίειν eat up), often with an intensive force that cannot be translated. An intransitive verb when compounded with κατά may become transitive (1559).

μετά: original meaning amid, among (cp. Germ. mit, Eng. mid in midwife). Hence properly only with plurals or collectives (so in Hom. with gen. and dat.). μετά denotes participation, community of action. πεδά (Lesb. and other dialects) agrees in meaning with μετά, but is of different origin.

1. μετά with the Genitive

Usually of persons and abstract nouns.

Local: among, together with, as καθήμενος μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων sitting among the rest P. R. 359e, θῦσαι μετ᾽ ἐκείνων to sacrifice in company with them X. C. 8.3.1; on the side of, as οἱ μετὰ Κῡ́ρου βάρβαροι the barbarians in the army of Cyrus X. A. 1.7.10, μετὰ τῶν ἠδικημένων πολεμεῖν to wage war on the side of the wronged D. 9.24, οὐ μετὰ τοῦ πλήθους without the consent of the people T. 3.66; besides: γενόμενος μετὰ τοῦ ξυνετοῦ καὶ δυνατός showing himself powerful as well as sagacious T. 2.15. Accompanying circumstances (concurrent act or state): μετὰκινδῡ́νων κτησάμενοι (τὴν τάξιν) having acquired their position amid dangers D. 3.36, λῡ́πη μετὰ φόβου grief and terror T. 7.75. Joint efficient cause: μετὰ πόνων ἐλευθέρᾱν ἐποίησαν τὴν Ἑλλάδα by (amid) struggles they freed Greece L. 2.55. Conformity: μετὰ τῶν νόμων in accordance with the laws 3. 82.

2. μετά with the Dative (Locative)

Chiefly Epic (usually with the plural or with the collective singular of persons or things personified, or of the parts of living objects): μετὰ μνηστῆρσιν ἔειπεν he spake amid the suitors ρ 467, μετὰ φρεσί in their hearts Δ 245.

3. μετά with the Accusative

Local: into the midst of: νεκροὺς ἔρυσαν μετὰ λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν they dragged the dead into the midst of the host of the Achaeans E 573; with an idea of purpose: ἰέναι μετὰ Νέστορα to go after (in quest of) Nestor K 73. Extension over the midst of: μετὰ πληθῡ́ν throughout the multitude B 143. Phrase: μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν to have in hand T. 1.138.

N.—From the use in μετ᾽ ἴχνια βαῖνε θεοῖο he went after the steps of the goddess γ 30 is derived the prose use: after (of time or rank), as μετὰ τὰ Τρωϊκά after the Trojan war T. 2.68, μετὰ θεοὺς ψῡχὴ θειότατον after the gods the soul is most divine P. L. 726. The range of μετά with acc. in Attic prose is not wide.

4. μετά in Composition

Among (μεταδιδόναι give a share), after, in quest of (μεταπέμπεσθαι send for). When one thing is among other things, it may be said to come after another, to succeed or alternate with it; hence of succession (μεθημερινός diurnus; cp. μεθ᾽ ἡμέρᾱν after daybreak), alteration or change (μεταγράφειν rewrite, μεταμέλειν repent i.e. care for something else).

When contrasted with σύν, μετά often denotes participation: ὁ μέτοχος the partner, ὁ συνών the companion. σύν often denotes something added. But μετά is usually the prose preposition for σύν, though it does not mean inclusive of.

ὑπό (Hom. also ὑπαί, Lesbian ὐπα-), under, by, Lat. sub.

1. ὑπό with the Genitive

a. Local (rare in Attic prose): out from under (poet., cp. ὑπέκ): ῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους a spring flows out from a cave ι 140, λαβὼν βοῦν ὑπὸ ἁμάξης taking an ox from a wagon X. A. 6.4.25; under (of rest): τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς (a fixed phrase) ἅπαντα all things under the earth P. A. 18b.

b. Other relations (metaphorically under the agency of): Direct agent (with passives and with verbs having a passive force); contrast διά, 1685. 2. d: σωθέντες ὑπὸ σοῦ saved by you X. A. 2.5.14, αἰσθόμενος ὑπ᾽ αὐτομόλων informed by deserters T. 5.2, εὖ ἀκούειν ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων to be well spoken of by men X. A. 7.7.23. With passive nouns: ἡ ὑπὸ Μελήτου γραφή the indictment brought by Meletus X. M. 4.4.4, κλῆσις ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς invitation by the Senate D. 19.32. External cause: ἀπώλετο ὑπὸ λῑμοῦ perished of hunger X. A. 1.5.5, οὐκ ἐπὶ πολὺ ὑπὸ τῶν ἰππέων ἐξιόντες not going out far because of the cavalry T. 6.37. Internal cause: ὑπὸ τῶν μεγίστων νῑκηθέντες, τῑμῆς καὶ δέους καὶ ὠφελίᾱς constrained by the strongest motives, honour and fear and profit T. 1.76. External accompaniment, as pressure, in ἐτόξευον ὑπὸ μαστῑ́γων they shot under the lash X. A. 3.4.25; sound, in ὑπὸ αὐλητῶν to the accompaniment of flute-players T. 5.70; light, in ὑπὸ φᾱνοῦ πορεύεσθαι to go with a torch X. R. L. 5.7. Manner: ὑπὸ σπουδῆς hastily T. 3.33.

N. 1.—ὑπό with the genitive of a thing personifies the thing. The things so personified are (1) words implying a person, as λόγοι, (2) external circumstances, as συμφορᾱ́, κίνδῡνος, νόμος, (3) natural phenomena, as χειμών, (4) emotions, as φθόνος. The dative may also be employed. See 1493, 1494.

N. 2.—On ὑπό to express the personal agent with the perf. pass. see 1493.

2. ὑπό with the Dative

a. Local: under (of rest): ἑστάναι ὑπό τινι δένδρῳ to stand under a tree P. Phil. 38c. ὑπό of place is more common with the dative than with the genitive.

b. Other relations: Agent (poetic, except with verbs signifying to educate): ὑπὸ παιδοτρίβῃ ἀγαθῷ πεπαιδευμένος educated under (the guidance of) a good master P. Lach. 184e. Coöperative cause (poet.): βῆ ὑπ᾽ ἀμῡ́μονι πομπῇ he went under a blameless convoy Z 171. Subjection: οί ὑπὸ βασιλεῖ ὄντες the subjects of (i.e. those under) the king X. C. 8.1.6, ὑφ᾽ αὑτῷ ποιήσασθαι to bring under his own power D. 18.40.

3. ὑπό with the Accusative

a. Local: Motion under: ὑπ᾽ αὐτὸν (τὸν λόφον) στήσᾱς τὸ στράτευμα halting the army under the hill X. A. 1.10.14. Motion down under (poet.): εἶμ᾽ ὑπὸ γαῖαν I shall go down under the earth Σ 333. Extension or position: αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι the villages at the foot of the mountain X. A. 7.4.5. Proximity: ὑποκειμένη ἡ Εὔβοια ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀττικήν Euboea lying close by (under) Attica I. 4.108.

b. Temporal (of time impending or in progress): ὑπὸ νύκτα at the approach of night (sub noctem) T. 2.92, ὑπὸ νύκτα during the night Hdt. 9.58, ὑπὸ τὴν εἰρήνην at the time of the peace I. 4.177.

c. Other relations. Subjection: ὑπὸ σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι to bring under their own sway T. 4.60.

4. ὑπό in Composition

Under (ὑποτιθέναι place under), behind (ὑπολείπειν leave behind), secretly (cp. underhand; ὑποπέμπειν send as a spy), gradually (ὑποκαταβαίνειν descend by degrees), slightly (ὑποφαίνειν shine a little); of accompaniment (ὑπᾴδειν accompany with the voice); of an action performed by another (ὑποκηρῡ́ττεσθαι have oneself proclaimed by the herald).