Semantic roles (AGDT table)
§§1513–1515 · 3 sections
INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE PROPER
Manner (see also 1527).—The dative of manner is used with comparative adjectives and other expressions of comparison to mark the degree by which one thing differs from another (Dative of Measure of Difference).
κεφαλῇ ἐλᾱ́ττων a head shorter (lit. by the head) Ph. 101a, οὐ πολλαῖς ἡμέραις ὕστερον ἦλθεν
he arrived not many days later H. 1.1.1, ἰόντες δέκα ἡμέραις πρὸ Παναθηναίων
coming ten days before the Panathenaic festival 5.47, τοσούτῳ ἥδῑον ζῶ ὅσῳ πλείω κέκτημαι
the more I possess the more pleasant is my life C. 8.3.40, πολλῷ μείζων ἐγίγνετο ἡ βοὴ ὅσῳ δὴ πλείους ἐγίγνοντο
the shouting became much louder as the men increased in number A. 4.7.23. So with πολλῷ by much, ὀλίγῳ by little, τῷ παντί in every respect (by all odds).
a. With the superlative: μακρῷ ἄριστα
by far the best L. 858e.
With comparatives the accusatives (1586) τί, τὶ, οὐδέν, μηδέν without a substantive are always used: οὐδὲν ἧττον
nihilo minus A. 7.5.9. In Attic prose (except in Thuc.) πολύ and ὀλίγον are more common than πολλῷ and ὀλίγῳ with comparatives. Hom. has only πολὺ μείζων.
Measure of difference may be expressed by ἔν τινι; εἴς τι, κατά τι; or by ἐπί τινι.
§1527
Dative of Accompanying Circumstance.—The dative, usually of an abstract substantive, may denote accompanying circumstance and manner.
a. The substantive has an attribute: πολλῇ βοῇ προσέκειντο
they attacked with loud shouts 4.127, παντὶ σθένει with all one's might 5. 23, τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ
with good fortune C.I.A. /lref>So παντὶ (οὐδενὶ, ἄλλῳ, τούτῳ τῷ) τρόπῳ. Manner may be expressed by the adjective, as βιαίῳ θανάτῳ ἀποθνῄσκειν to die (by) a violent death Hi. 4.3 (= βίᾳ).
b. Many particular substantives have no attribute and are used adverbially: θεῖν δρόμῳ
to run at full speed A. 1.8.19, βίᾳ by force, δίκῃ justly, δόλῳ by craft, (τῷ) ἔργῳ in fact, ἡσυχῇ quietly, κομιδῇ (with care) entirely, κόσμῳ in order, duly, κύκλῳ round about, (τῷ) λόγῳ in word, προφάσει ostensibly, σῑγῇ, σιωπῇ in silence, σπουδῇ hastily, with difficulty, τῇ ἀληθείᾳ in truth, τῷ ὄντι in reality, ὀργῇ in anger, φυγῇ in hasty flight.
N.—When no adjective is used, prepositional phrases or adverbs are generally employed: σὺν κραυγῇ, σὺν δίκῃ, μετὰ δίκης, πρὸς βίᾱν (or βιαίως).
c. Here belongs the dative of feminine adjectives with a substantive (ὁδῷ, etc.) omitted, as ταύτῃ in this way, here, ἄλλῃ in another way, elsewhere, πῇ, ᾗ in what (which) way. So δημοσίᾳ at public expense, ἰδίᾳ privately, κοινῇ in common, πεζῇ on foot.
N.—Some of these forms are instrumental rather than comitative, e.g. ταύτῃ.
In the index: Dative case · Manner · Measure · Comparative · Superlative degree · Accompanying circumstance · Adverbial · Comitative dative