(with πρός, πρό, ὑπέρ, κατά) advantage

κατά down (cp. κάτω), opposed to ἀνά. With the genitive (the genitive proper (of the goal) and the ablatival genitive) and the accusative. With the genitive, the motion is perpendicular; with the accusative, horizontal.

1. κατά with the Genitive

a. Local: down from, down toward, under: ἁλάμενοι κατὰ τῆς πέτρᾱς having leapt down from the rock X. A. 4.2.17, κατ᾽ ἄκρᾱς utterly, completely (down from the summit) P. L. 909b, ψῡχὴ κατὰ χθονὸς ᾤχετο his soul went down under the earth Ψ 100, μύρον κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς καταχέαντες having poured myrrh (down) over their heads P. R. 398a; rarely of rest: ὁ κατὰ γῆς the man under the earth X. C. 4.6.5.

b. Temporal (very rare): κατὰ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος for all eternity Lyc. 7.

c. Other relations: against, as κατ᾽ ἐμαυτοῦ ἐρεῖν to speak against myself P. A. 37b; rarely in a favourable or neutral sense, as οἱ κατὰ Δημοσθένους ἔπαινοι the eulogies on Demosthenes Aes. 3.50, κατὰ πάντων λέγειν to speak with regard to all X. C. 1.2.16; by (with verbs of swearing), as ὀμνύντων τὸν ὅρκον κατὰ ἱερῶν τελείων let them swear the oath by (lit. down over) fullgrown victims T. 5.47.

2. κατά with the Accusative

a. Local: ἔπλεον κατὰ ποταμόν they sailed down-stream Hdt. 4.44, κατὰ τᾱ̀ς εἰσόδους ἐφεπόμενοι following to the entrances X. C. 3.3.64. Extension: καθ᾽ ὅλην τὴν πόλιν throughout the entire city Lyc. 40, κατὰ γῆν by land L. 2.32, διώκοντες τοὺς καθ᾽ αὑτούς pursuing those stationed opposite themselves X. A. 1.10.4.

b. Temporal (post-Homeric): κατὰ πλοῦν during the voyage T. 3.32, κατ᾽ ἐκεῖνον τὸν χρόνον at that time 1. 139, οἱ καθ᾽ ἑαυτόν his contemporaries D. 20.73.

c. Other relations: Purpose: κατὰ θέᾱν ἧκεν came for the purpose of seeing T. 6.31. Conformity: κατὰ τούτους ῥήτωρ an orator after their style P. A. 17b, κατὰ τοὺς νόμους according to the laws D. 8.2. Ground on which an act is based: κατὰ φιλίᾱν owing to friendship T. 1.60. Comparisons: μείζω ἢ κατὰ δάκρυα πεπονθότες having endured sufferings too great for (than according to) tears 7. 75 (cp. maior quam pro). Manner: καθ᾽ ἡσυχίᾱν quietly T. 6.64. Distribution: κατ᾽ ἔθνη nation by nation T. 1.122, δέκα δραχμαὶ κατ᾽ ἄνδρα ten drachmae the man Aes. 3.187, κατὰ σφᾶς αὐτούς per se T. 1.79. Approximate numbers: κατὰ πεντήκοντα about fifty Hdt. 6.79.

3. κατά in Composition

Down from above (καταπῑ́πτειν fall down), back (καταλείπειν leave behind), against, adversely (καταγιγνώσκειν condemn, decide against, καταφρονεῖν despise), completely (καταπετροῦν stone to death, κατεσθίειν eat up), often with an intensive force that cannot be translated. An intransitive verb when compounded with κατά may become transitive (1559).

πρό (Lat. pro, for) before. Cp. ἀντί, which is narrower in meaning.

1. πρό with the Genitive only

a. Local: πρὸ τῶν ἁμαξῶν in front of the wagons X. C. 6.2.36.

b. Temporal: πρὸ τῆς μάχης before the battle X. A. 1.7.13.

c. Other relations: Defence or care (cp. ὑπέρ): διακινδῡνευειν πρὸ βασιλέως to incur danger in defence of (prop. in front of) the king X. C. 8.8.4. Preference (cp. ἀντί): οἱ ἐπαινοῦντες πρὸ δικαιοσύνης ἀδικίᾱν th<*>se who laud injustice in preference to justice P. R. 361e, πρὸ πολλοῦ ποιεῖσθαι to esteem highly (in preference to much) I. 5.138, φωνεῖν πρὸ τῶνδε to speak for them (as their spokesman) S. O. T. 10 (ἀντὶ τῶνδε = as their deputy, ὑπὲρ τῶνδε as their champion).

2. πρό in Composition

Before, forward, forth (προβάλλειν put forward), for, in behalf of, in defence of, in public (προαγορεύειν give public notice), beforehand (πρόδηλος manifest beforehand), in preference (προαιρεῖσθαι choose in preference).

πρός (Hom. also προτί), at, by (fronting). Of like meaning, but of different origin, is Hom. ποτί.

1. πρός with the Genitive

a. Local (not common in prose): τὸ πρὸς ἑσπέρᾱς τεῖχος the wall facing the west X. H. 4.4.18, τὰ ὑποζύγια ἔχοντες πρὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ having the pack-animals on the side toward the river X. A. 2.2.4.

b. Other relations: Descent: πρὸς πατρός on the father's side Aes. 3.169. Characteristic: οὐ γὰρ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κῡ́ρου τρόπου for it was not the way of Cyrus X. A. 1.2.11. Point of view of a person: πρὸς ἀνθρώπων αἰσχρός base in the eyes of men 2. 5. 20. Agent as the source, with passive verbs (instead of ὑπό): ὁμολογεῖται πρὸς πάντων it is agreed by all 1. 9. 20; to the advantage of; σπονδᾱ̀ς ποιησάμενος πρὸς Θηβαίων μᾶλλον ἢ πρὸς ἑαυτ ῶν making a truce more to the advantage of the Thebans than of his own party X. H. 7.1.17; in oaths and entreaties: πρὸς θεῶν by the gods X. H. 2.4.21.

2. πρός with the Dative

In a local sense, denoting proximity (generally, in prose, of towns or buildings, not of persons): πρὸς τῇ πόλει τὴν μάχην ποιεῖσθαι to fight near the city T. 6.49; sometimes like ἐν, as πρὸς ἱεροῖς τοῖς κοινοῖς ἀνατεθῆναι to be dedicated in the common shrines T. 3.57. Occupation: ἦν ὅλος πρὸς τῷ λήμματι he was wholly intent upon his gain D. 19.127. In addition to: πρὸς αὐτοῖς besides these T. 7.57. In the presence of: πρὸς τῷ διαιτητῆ λέγειν to speak before the arbitrator D. 39.22.

3. πρός with the Accusative

a. Local (direction toward or to, strictly fronting, facing): ῡ̔μᾶς ἄξομεν πρὸς αὐτούς we will lead you to them X. A. 7.6.6, πρὸς νότον (toward the) south T. 3.6, ἰέναι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους to go against the enemy X. A. 2.6.10.

b. Temporal (rare): πρὸς ἡμέρᾱν toward daybreak X. H. 2.4.6.

c. Other relations: friendly or hostile relation: πρὸς ἐμὲ λέγετε speak to me X. C. 6.4.19, φιλίᾱ πρὸς ῡ̔μᾶς friendship with you I. 5.32, ἔχθρᾱ πρὸς τοὺς Ἀργείους enmity to the Argives T. 2.68, but ἡ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἔχθρᾱ our enmity 6. 80, ἡ ἀπέχθεια πρὸς τοὺς Θηβαίους our enmity to the Thebans and the enmity of the Thebans to us D. 18.36. With words of hating, accusing, and their opposites, πρός is used either of the subject or of the object or of both parties involved. With words denoting warfare πρός indicates a double relation, and the context must determine which party is the aggressor or assailant: ναυμαχίᾱ Κορινθίων πρὸς Κερκῡραίους a sea-fight between the Corinthians and the Corcyreans T. 1.13 (here καί often suffices, as ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Ἠλείων πόλεμος X. H. 3.2.31). Relation in general: οὐδὲν αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἐστίν he has nothing to do with the city D. 21.44, πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσεβῶς ἔχειν to be pious toward the gods Lyc. 15. Purpose: πρὸς τί; to what end? X. C. 6.3.20, πρὸς χάριν λέγειν to speak in order to court favour D. 4.51; with a view to (often nearly = διά): πρὸς ταῦτα βουλεύεσθε εὖ wherefore be well advised T. 4.87, πρὸς τὰ παρόντα in consequence of the present circumstances 6. 41. Conformity: πρὸς τὴν ἀξίᾱν according to merit X. C. 8.4.29. Standard of judgment: οὐδὲ πρὸς ἀργύριον τὴν εὐδαιμονίᾱν ἔκρῑνον nor did they estimate happiness by the money-standard I. 4.76, χώρᾱ ὡς πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πολῑτῶν ἐλαχίστη a territory very small in proportion to the number of its citizens 4. 107; and hence of comparison: οί φαυλότεροι τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τοὺς ξυνετωτέρους . . . ἄμεινον οἰκοῦσι τᾱ̀ς πόλεις the simpler class of men, in comparison with the more astute, manage their public affairs better T. 3.37. Exchange: ἡδονᾱ̀ς πρὸς ἡδονᾱ̀ς καταλλάττεσθαι to exchange pleasures for pleasures P. Ph. 69a.

4. πρός in Composition

To, toward (προσελαύνειν drive to, προστρέπειν turn toward), in addition (προσλαμβάνειν take in addition), against (προσκρούειν strike against, be angry with). Often in the general sense of additionally, qualifying the whole sentence rather than the verb.

ὑπέρ (Hom. also ὑπείρ) over, Lat. super. For the contrast with ἐπί, see 1689.

1. ὑπέρ with the Genitive

a. Local: from over: ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄκρων κατέβαινον they came down over the heights T. 4.25; over, abover: ὑπὲρ τῆς κώμης γήλοφος ἦν above the village was a hill X. A. 1.10.12.

b. Other relations: in defence of, on behalf of: μαχόμενος ὑπὲρ ῡ̔μῶν fighting for you (standing over to protect) P. L. 642c; in place of, in the name of: ἐγὼ λέξω καὶ ὑπὲρ σοῦ καὶ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν I will speak both for you and for ourselves X. C. 3.3.14. Purpose: ὑπὲρ τοῦ ταῦτα λαβεῖν in order to get this D. 8.44; concerning, about (often = περί in Demos. and the later orators; in inscr. after 300 B. C.): φόβος ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος fear for the future T. 7.71, μὴ περὶ τῶν δικαίων μηδ᾽ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἔξω πρᾱγμάτων not about your just claims nor about your foreign interests D. 6.35.

2. ὑπέρ with the Accusative

a. Local: ὑπὲρ οὐδὸν ἐβήσετο he passed over the threshold ν 63, οἱ ὑπὲρ Ἑλλήσποντον οἰκοῦντες those who dwell beyond the Hellespont X. A. 1.1.9.

b. Temporal ( = πρό) rare: ὑπὲρ τὰ Μηδικά before the Persian wars T. 1.41.

c. Measure: ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ more than half X. C. 3.3.47, ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον beyond the power of man P. L. 839d.

3. ὑπέρ in Composition

Over, above (ὑπερβάλλειν cross over, ὑπερέχειν trans. hold over, intr. be above), in behalf of, for (ὑπερμαχεῖν poet. fight for), exceedingly (ὑπερφρονεῖν be over-proud).