(with μετά, ὑπό) accompanying circumstance

μετά: original meaning amid, among (cp. Germ. mit, Eng. mid in midwife). Hence properly only with plurals or collectives (so in Hom. with gen. and dat.). μετά denotes participation, community of action. πεδά (Lesb. and other dialects) agrees in meaning with μετά, but is of different origin.

1. μετά with the Genitive

Usually of persons and abstract nouns.

Local: among, together with, as καθήμενος μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων sitting among the rest P. R. 359e, θῦσαι μετ᾽ ἐκείνων to sacrifice in company with them X. C. 8.3.1; on the side of, as οἱ μετὰ Κῡ́ρου βάρβαροι the barbarians in the army of Cyrus X. A. 1.7.10, μετὰ τῶν ἠδικημένων πολεμεῖν to wage war on the side of the wronged D. 9.24, οὐ μετὰ τοῦ πλήθους without the consent of the people T. 3.66; besides: γενόμενος μετὰ τοῦ ξυνετοῦ καὶ δυνατός showing himself powerful as well as sagacious T. 2.15. Accompanying circumstances (concurrent act or state): μετὰκινδῡ́νων κτησάμενοι (τὴν τάξιν) having acquired their position amid dangers D. 3.36, λῡ́πη μετὰ φόβου grief and terror T. 7.75. Joint efficient cause: μετὰ πόνων ἐλευθέρᾱν ἐποίησαν τὴν Ἑλλάδα by (amid) struggles they freed Greece L. 2.55. Conformity: μετὰ τῶν νόμων in accordance with the laws 3. 82.

2. μετά with the Dative (Locative)

Chiefly Epic (usually with the plural or with the collective singular of persons or things personified, or of the parts of living objects): μετὰ μνηστῆρσιν ἔειπεν he spake amid the suitors ρ 467, μετὰ φρεσί in their hearts Δ 245.

3. μετά with the Accusative

Local: into the midst of: νεκροὺς ἔρυσαν μετὰ λᾱὸν Ἀχαιῶν they dragged the dead into the midst of the host of the Achaeans E 573; with an idea of purpose: ἰέναι μετὰ Νέστορα to go after (in quest of) Nestor K 73. Extension over the midst of: μετὰ πληθῡ́ν throughout the multitude B 143. Phrase: μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν to have in hand T. 1.138.

N.—From the use in μετ᾽ ἴχνια βαῖνε θεοῖο he went after the steps of the goddess γ 30 is derived the prose use: after (of time or rank), as μετὰ τὰ Τρωϊκά after the Trojan war T. 2.68, μετὰ θεοὺς ψῡχὴ θειότατον after the gods the soul is most divine P. L. 726. The range of μετά with acc. in Attic prose is not wide.

4. μετά in Composition

Among (μεταδιδόναι give a share), after, in quest of (μεταπέμπεσθαι send for). When one thing is among other things, it may be said to come after another, to succeed or alternate with it; hence of succession (μεθημερινός diurnus; cp. μεθ᾽ ἡμέρᾱν after daybreak), alteration or change (μεταγράφειν rewrite, μεταμέλειν repent i.e. care for something else).

When contrasted with σύν, μετά often denotes participation: ὁ μέτοχος the partner, ὁ συνών the companion. σύν often denotes something added. But μετά is usually the prose preposition for σύν, though it does not mean inclusive of.

ὑπό (Hom. also ὑπαί, Lesbian ὐπα-), under, by, Lat. sub.

1. ὑπό with the Genitive

a. Local (rare in Attic prose): out from under (poet., cp. ὑπέκ): ῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους a spring flows out from a cave ι 140, λαβὼν βοῦν ὑπὸ ἁμάξης taking an ox from a wagon X. A. 6.4.25; under (of rest): τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς (a fixed phrase) ἅπαντα all things under the earth P. A. 18b.

b. Other relations (metaphorically under the agency of): Direct agent (with passives and with verbs having a passive force); contrast διά, 1685. 2. d: σωθέντες ὑπὸ σοῦ saved by you X. A. 2.5.14, αἰσθόμενος ὑπ᾽ αὐτομόλων informed by deserters T. 5.2, εὖ ἀκούειν ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων to be well spoken of by men X. A. 7.7.23. With passive nouns: ἡ ὑπὸ Μελήτου γραφή the indictment brought by Meletus X. M. 4.4.4, κλῆσις ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς invitation by the Senate D. 19.32. External cause: ἀπώλετο ὑπὸ λῑμοῦ perished of hunger X. A. 1.5.5, οὐκ ἐπὶ πολὺ ὑπὸ τῶν ἰππέων ἐξιόντες not going out far because of the cavalry T. 6.37. Internal cause: ὑπὸ τῶν μεγίστων νῑκηθέντες, τῑμῆς καὶ δέους καὶ ὠφελίᾱς constrained by the strongest motives, honour and fear and profit T. 1.76. External accompaniment, as pressure, in ἐτόξευον ὑπὸ μαστῑ́γων they shot under the lash X. A. 3.4.25; sound, in ὑπὸ αὐλητῶν to the accompaniment of flute-players T. 5.70; light, in ὑπὸ φᾱνοῦ πορεύεσθαι to go with a torch X. R. L. 5.7. Manner: ὑπὸ σπουδῆς hastily T. 3.33.

N. 1.—ὑπό with the genitive of a thing personifies the thing. The things so personified are (1) words implying a person, as λόγοι, (2) external circumstances, as συμφορᾱ́, κίνδῡνος, νόμος, (3) natural phenomena, as χειμών, (4) emotions, as φθόνος. The dative may also be employed. See 1493, 1494.

N. 2.—On ὑπό to express the personal agent with the perf. pass. see 1493.

2. ὑπό with the Dative

a. Local: under (of rest): ἑστάναι ὑπό τινι δένδρῳ to stand under a tree P. Phil. 38c. ὑπό of place is more common with the dative than with the genitive.

b. Other relations: Agent (poetic, except with verbs signifying to educate): ὑπὸ παιδοτρίβῃ ἀγαθῷ πεπαιδευμένος educated under (the guidance of) a good master P. Lach. 184e. Coöperative cause (poet.): βῆ ὑπ᾽ ἀμῡ́μονι πομπῇ he went under a blameless convoy Z 171. Subjection: οί ὑπὸ βασιλεῖ ὄντες the subjects of (i.e. those under) the king X. C. 8.1.6, ὑφ᾽ αὑτῷ ποιήσασθαι to bring under his own power D. 18.40.

3. ὑπό with the Accusative

a. Local: Motion under: ὑπ᾽ αὐτὸν (τὸν λόφον) στήσᾱς τὸ στράτευμα halting the army under the hill X. A. 1.10.14. Motion down under (poet.): εἶμ᾽ ὑπὸ γαῖαν I shall go down under the earth Σ 333. Extension or position: αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι the villages at the foot of the mountain X. A. 7.4.5. Proximity: ὑποκειμένη ἡ Εὔβοια ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀττικήν Euboea lying close by (under) Attica I. 4.108.

b. Temporal (of time impending or in progress): ὑπὸ νύκτα at the approach of night (sub noctem) T. 2.92, ὑπὸ νύκτα during the night Hdt. 9.58, ὑπὸ τὴν εἰρήνην at the time of the peace I. 4.177.

c. Other relations. Subjection: ὑπὸ σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι to bring under their own sway T. 4.60.

4. ὑπό in Composition

Under (ὑποτιθέναι place under), behind (ὑπολείπειν leave behind), secretly (cp. underhand; ὑποπέμπειν send as a spy), gradually (ὑποκαταβαίνειν descend by degrees), slightly (ὑποφαίνειν shine a little); of accompaniment (ὑπᾴδειν accompany with the voice); of an action performed by another (ὑποκηρῡ́ττεσθαι have oneself proclaimed by the herald).