comitative dative

Prepositions of accompaniment (μετά with gen., σύν) are often used, especially when the verb does not denote accompaniment or union.

Dative of Association.—The dative is used with words denoting friendly or hostile association or intercourse. This dative is especially common in the plural and after middle verbs.

a. κακοῖς ὁμῑλῶν καὐτὸς ἐκβήσῃ κακός if thou associate with the evil, in the end thou too wilt become evil thyself Men. Sent. 274, ἀλλήλοις διειλέγμεθα we have conversed with each other P. A. 37a, τῷ πλήθει τὰ ῥηθέντα κοινώσαντες communicating to the people what had been said T. 2.72, δεόμενοι τοὺς φεύγοντας ξυναλλάξαι σφίσι asking that they reconcile their exiles with them 1. 24, εἰς λόγους σοι ἐλθεῖν to have an interview with you X. A. 2.5.4, μετεσχήκαμεν ῡ̔μῖν θυσιῶν we have participated in your festivals X. H. 2.4.20, ἀλλήλοις σπονδᾱ̀ς ἐποιήσαντο they made a truce with one another 3. 2. 20, αὐτοῖς διὰ φιλίᾱς ἰέναι to enter into friendship with them X. A. 3.2.8. So with verbs of meeting: προσέρχεσθαι, προστυγχάνειν and ἐντυγχάνειν, ἀπαντᾶν.

b. πολλοῖς ὀλίγοι μαχόμενοι few fighting with many T. 4.36, Κῡ́ρῳ πολεμοῦντες waging war with Cyrus 1. 13, ἀμφισβητοῦσι μὲν δι᾽ εὔνοιαν οἱ φίλοι τοῖς φίλοις, ἐρίζουσι δὲ οἱ διάφοροι ἀλλήλοις friends dispute with friends good-naturedly, but adversaries wrangle with one another P. Pr. 337b, δίκᾱς ἀλλήλοις δικάζονται they bring lawsuits against one another X. M. 3.5.16, διαφέρεσθαι τούτοις to be at variance with these men D. 18.31 (and so many compounds of διά), οὐκ ἔφη τοὺς λόγους τοῖς ἔργοις ὁμολογεῖν he said their words did not agree with their deeds T. 5.55. So also τινὶ διὰ πολέμου (διὰ μάχης, εἰς χεῖρας) ἰέναι, τινὶ ὁμόσε χωρεῖν, etc.

N. 1.—πολεμεῖν (μάχεσθαι) σύν τινι (μετά τινος) means to wage war in conjunction with some one.

N. 2.—Verbs of friendly or hostile association, and especially periphrases with ποιεῖσθαι (πόλεμον, σπονδᾱ́ς), often take the accusative with πρός.

Dative of Accompaniment.—The dative of accompaniment is used with verbs signifying to accompany, follow, etc.

ἀκολουθεῖν τῷ ἡγουμένῳ to follow the leader P. R. 474c, ἕπεσθαι ῡ̔μῖν βούλομαι I am willing to follow you X. A. 3.1.25. μετά with the genitive is often used, as are σύν and ἅμα with the dative.

With αὐτός.—The idea of accompaniment is often expressed by αὐτός joined to the dative. This use is common when the destruction of a person or thing is referred to. Thus, τῶν ϝεῶν μία αὐτοῖς ἀνδράσιν one of the ships with its crew T. 4.14, εἶπεν ἥκειν εἰς τᾱ̀ς τάξεις αὐτοῖς στεφάνοις he bade them come to their posts, crowns and all X. C. 3.3.40. The article after αὐτός is rare; and σύν is rarely added (X. C. 2.2.9). Hom. has this dative only with lifeless objects.

Dative of Military Accompaniment.—The dative is used in the description of military movements to denote the accompaniment (troops, ships, etc.) of a leader: ἐξελαύνει τῷ στρατεύματι παντί he marches out with all his army X. A. 1.7.14. σύν is often used with words denoting troops (T. 6.62).

a. An extension of this usage occurs when the persons in the dative are essentially the same as the persons forming the subject (distributive use): ἡμῖν ἐφείποντο οἱ πολέμιοι καὶ ἱππικῷ καὶ πελταστικῷ the enemy pursued us with their cavalry and peltasts X. A. 7.6.29.

b. The dative of military accompaniment is often equivalent to a dative of means when the verb does not denote the leadership of a general.

Dative of Accompanying Circumstance.—The dative, usually of an abstract substantive, may denote accompanying circumstance and manner.

a. The substantive has an attribute: πολλῇ βοῇ προσέκειντο they attacked with loud shouts T. 4.127, παντὶ σθένει with all one's might 5. 23, τύχῃ ἀγαθῇ with good fortune C.I.A. /lref>So παντὶ (οὐδενὶ, ἄλλῳ, τούτῳ τῷ) τρόπῳ. Manner may be expressed by the adjective, as βιαίῳ θανάτῳ ἀποθνῄσκειν to die (by) a violent death X. Hi. 4.3 (= βίᾳ).

b. Many particular substantives have no attribute and are used adverbially: θεῖν δρόμῳ to run at full speed X. A. 1.8.19, βίᾳ by force, δίκῃ justly, δόλῳ by craft, (τῷ) ἔργῳ in fact, ἡσυχῇ quietly, κομιδῇ (with care) entirely, κόσμῳ in order, duly, κύκλῳ round about, (τῷ) λόγῳ in word, προφάσει ostensibly, σῑγῇ, σιωπῇ in silence, σπουδῇ hastily, with difficulty, τῇ ἀληθείᾳ in truth, τῷ ὄντι in reality, ὀργῇ in anger, φυγῇ in hasty flight.

N.—When no adjective is used, prepositional phrases or adverbs are generally employed: σὺν κραυγῇ, σὺν δίκῃ, μετὰ δίκης, πρὸς βίᾱν (or βιαίως).

c. Here belongs the dative of feminine adjectives with a substantive (ὁδῷ, etc.) omitted, as ταύτῃ in this way, here, ἄλλῃ in another way, elsewhere, πῇ, ᾗ in what (which) way. So δημοσίᾳ at public expense, ἰδίᾳ privately, κοινῇ in common, πεζῇ on foot.

N.—Some of these forms are instrumental rather than comitative, e.g. ταύτῃ.

Space and Time.—The dative of space and time may sometimes be regarded as comitative.

a. Space: the way by which (qua), as ἐπορεύετο τῇ ὁδῷ ἣν πρότερον ἐποιήσατο he marched by the road (or on the road?) which he had made before T. 2.98; b. Time: κατηγόρει ὡς ἐκείνη τῷ χ<*>όνῳ πεισθείη she charged that she had been persuaded in (by) the course of time L. 1.20. Some of these uses are instrumental rather than comitative.