(with πρός, εἰς) recipient or addressee

εἰς, ἐς into, to, opposed to ἐξ; from ἐν + ς (cp. Lat. abs from ab + s). See on ἐν. On εἰς with the genitive by ellipsis, see 1302.

1. εἰς with the Accusative only

In the Old Attic alphabet (2 a), generally used in Attica in the fifth century, ΕΣ was written, and this may be either εἰς or ἐς. In the fourth century ΕΙΣ was generally written. In Thuc. ἐς is printed, but its correctness may be doubted; other Attic prose writers use εἰς, the poets εἰς or (less frequently) ἐς. It is not true that in poetry ἐς is used only before consonants, εἰς only before vowels.

a. Local: of the goal: Σικελοὶ ἐξ Ἰταλίᾱς διέβησαν ἐς Σικελίᾱν the Sicels crossed over out of Italy into Sicily T. 6.2; with a personal object: ἦλθεν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίᾱς ἐς ἀνθρώπους ἀπόρους he came from Asia to (a land of) poor men T. 1.9, ἐσπέμπει γράμματα ἐς (v. l. πρὸς) βασιλέᾱ he dispatches a letter to (the palace of) the king 1. 137 (of sending, etc., to individuals ὡς or πρός is used); against: ἐστράτευσαν ἐς τὴν Ἀττικήν they invaded Attica T. 3.1, πόλεμος τοῖς Κορινθίοις ἐς τοὺς Ἀθηναίους war between the Corinthians and the Athenians 1. 55; with verbs of rest, 1659 b. The idea of motion holds where Eng. uses in or at: τελευτᾶν εἴς τι to end in T. 2.51. Extension: Πελοποννησίους διαβαλεῖν ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας to raise a prejudice against the Peloponnesians among the Greeks T. 3.109; in the presence of (coram): ἐς τὸ κοινὸν λέγειν to speak before the assembly 4. 58.

b. Temporal: of the goal: up to, until: ἐς ἐμέ up to my time Hdt. 1.52, ἐς τέλος finally 3. 40; at (by) such a time (of a fixed or expected time): προεῖπε εἰς τρίτην ἡμέρᾱν παρεῖναι commanded them to be present on the third day X. C. 3.1.42, ἥκετε εἰς τριᾱκοστὴν ἡμέρᾱν come on the thirtieth day 5. 3. 6. Limit of time attained: εἰς τοιοῦτον καιρὸν ἀφῑγμένοι arriving at such a time L. 16.5. Extension (over future time): εἰς τὸν λοιπὸν χρόνον in all future time L. 16.2.

c. Measure and Limit with numerals: εἰς χῑλίους to the number of (up to) a thousand X. A. 1.8.5, εἰς δύο two abreast 2. 4. 26, ἐς δραχμήν to the amount of a drachma T. 8.29.

d. Other relations: Goal, Purpose, Intention: ἡ σὴ πατρὶς εἰς σὲ ἀποβλέπει your country looks for help to you X. H. 6.1.8, χρῆσθαι εἰς τᾱ̀ς σφενδόνᾱς to use for the slings X. A. 3.4.17, παιδεύειν εἰς ἀρετήν to train with a view to virtue P. G. 519e. Relation to: καλὸν εἰς στρατιᾱ́ν excellent for the army X. C. 3.3.6, often in Thuc. ( = πρός with accus.). Manner: εἰς καιρόν in season X. C. 3.1.8, εἰς δύναμιν to the extent of one's powers 4. 5. 52.

2. εἰς in Composition

Into, in, to (εἰσβαίνειν enter, εἰσπρᾱ́ττειν get in, exact a debt).

πρός (Hom. also προτί), at, by (fronting). Of like meaning, but of different origin, is Hom. ποτί.

1. πρός with the Genitive

a. Local (not common in prose): τὸ πρὸς ἑσπέρᾱς τεῖχος the wall facing the west X. H. 4.4.18, τὰ ὑποζύγια ἔχοντες πρὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ having the pack-animals on the side toward the river X. A. 2.2.4.

b. Other relations: Descent: πρὸς πατρός on the father's side Aes. 3.169. Characteristic: οὐ γὰρ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κῡ́ρου τρόπου for it was not the way of Cyrus X. A. 1.2.11. Point of view of a person: πρὸς ἀνθρώπων αἰσχρός base in the eyes of men 2. 5. 20. Agent as the source, with passive verbs (instead of ὑπό): ὁμολογεῖται πρὸς πάντων it is agreed by all 1. 9. 20; to the advantage of; σπονδᾱ̀ς ποιησάμενος πρὸς Θηβαίων μᾶλλον ἢ πρὸς ἑαυτ ῶν making a truce more to the advantage of the Thebans than of his own party X. H. 7.1.17; in oaths and entreaties: πρὸς θεῶν by the gods X. H. 2.4.21.

2. πρός with the Dative

In a local sense, denoting proximity (generally, in prose, of towns or buildings, not of persons): πρὸς τῇ πόλει τὴν μάχην ποιεῖσθαι to fight near the city T. 6.49; sometimes like ἐν, as πρὸς ἱεροῖς τοῖς κοινοῖς ἀνατεθῆναι to be dedicated in the common shrines T. 3.57. Occupation: ἦν ὅλος πρὸς τῷ λήμματι he was wholly intent upon his gain D. 19.127. In addition to: πρὸς αὐτοῖς besides these T. 7.57. In the presence of: πρὸς τῷ διαιτητῆ λέγειν to speak before the arbitrator D. 39.22.

3. πρός with the Accusative

a. Local (direction toward or to, strictly fronting, facing): ῡ̔μᾶς ἄξομεν πρὸς αὐτούς we will lead you to them X. A. 7.6.6, πρὸς νότον (toward the) south T. 3.6, ἰέναι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους to go against the enemy X. A. 2.6.10.

b. Temporal (rare): πρὸς ἡμέρᾱν toward daybreak X. H. 2.4.6.

c. Other relations: friendly or hostile relation: πρὸς ἐμὲ λέγετε speak to me X. C. 6.4.19, φιλίᾱ πρὸς ῡ̔μᾶς friendship with you I. 5.32, ἔχθρᾱ πρὸς τοὺς Ἀργείους enmity to the Argives T. 2.68, but ἡ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ἔχθρᾱ our enmity 6. 80, ἡ ἀπέχθεια πρὸς τοὺς Θηβαίους our enmity to the Thebans and the enmity of the Thebans to us D. 18.36. With words of hating, accusing, and their opposites, πρός is used either of the subject or of the object or of both parties involved. With words denoting warfare πρός indicates a double relation, and the context must determine which party is the aggressor or assailant: ναυμαχίᾱ Κορινθίων πρὸς Κερκῡραίους a sea-fight between the Corinthians and the Corcyreans T. 1.13 (here καί often suffices, as ὁ Λακεδαιμονίων καὶ Ἠλείων πόλεμος X. H. 3.2.31). Relation in general: οὐδὲν αὐτῷ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν ἐστίν he has nothing to do with the city D. 21.44, πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς εὐσεβῶς ἔχειν to be pious toward the gods Lyc. 15. Purpose: πρὸς τί; to what end? X. C. 6.3.20, πρὸς χάριν λέγειν to speak in order to court favour D. 4.51; with a view to (often nearly = διά): πρὸς ταῦτα βουλεύεσθε εὖ wherefore be well advised T. 4.87, πρὸς τὰ παρόντα in consequence of the present circumstances 6. 41. Conformity: πρὸς τὴν ἀξίᾱν according to merit X. C. 8.4.29. Standard of judgment: οὐδὲ πρὸς ἀργύριον τὴν εὐδαιμονίᾱν ἔκρῑνον nor did they estimate happiness by the money-standard I. 4.76, χώρᾱ ὡς πρὸς τὸ πλῆθος τῶν πολῑτῶν ἐλαχίστη a territory very small in proportion to the number of its citizens 4. 107; and hence of comparison: οί φαυλότεροι τῶν ἀνθρώπων πρὸς τοὺς ξυνετωτέρους . . . ἄμεινον οἰκοῦσι τᾱ̀ς πόλεις the simpler class of men, in comparison with the more astute, manage their public affairs better T. 3.37. Exchange: ἡδονᾱ̀ς πρὸς ἡδονᾱ̀ς καταλλάττεσθαι to exchange pleasures for pleasures P. Ph. 69a.

4. πρός in Composition

To, toward (προσελαύνειν drive to, προστρέπειν turn toward), in addition (προσλαμβάνειν take in addition), against (προσκρούειν strike against, be angry with). Often in the general sense of additionally, qualifying the whole sentence rather than the verb.